Commentary on Accounting Ratios Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis on Accounting Ratios - Research Paper Example This implies more up to date organizations will by and large have lower ROCE when contrasted with more established organizations because of the devalued measure of its benefits. Moreover, the quantity of years that both Dairy Crest and its nearby rival have been doing business is muddled. The income of Dairy Crest is up by practically 20% in 2008, bringing about Operating Profit Margin of 6%. This outcome is comparable to its rival. Be that as it may, the improvement may have been credited by the twofold increment in Dairy Crest's other pay, of which the breakdown has not been revealed. Given the equivalent outcome, it very well may be said that the contender might be new in the market since its ROCE is path lower than that of Dairy Crest. Truth be told, the organization's Gross Margin Profit is down from 4.6% in 2007 to just 3.9% in 2008, though its rival's is 25.7%. Seeing Dairy Crest's merged salary explanation, its working expense is up by practically 21% while its income expanded uniquely by about 20%. Additionally, there might be a few contrasts in the valuing system embraced by the two organizations, which clarifies the enormous hole in the edge. The organization's Asset Turnover Ratio is somewhat better at 1.8 occasions in 2008, while its rival is at 1.9 occasions. The higher income in 2008 methods Dairy Crest is using its benefits more. Accepting its rival is new in the business, this outcome shows Dairy Crest isn't proceeding just as its rival. Apparently Dairy Crest has better control of its stocks with a drop in its Stock Turnover of 38.6 days in 2008 against 43.1 days in 2007. As food stocks are short-lived things, it is fitting not to hold them for a really long time. Dairy Crest's transition to bring its stock holding period somewhere around 10% is insightful. While its rival holds stocks 46 days in 2008, it is muddled if this is because of vulnerability in providers, as the elevated levels appear to be superfluous dependent on industry. The Current Ratio of Dairy Crest in 2008 is 1.4, an improvement from 1.0 in 2007. This shows the organization's money related position is more beneficial. Be that as it may, its rival's Current Ratio of 0.8 in 2008 appears to be dangerous, as

The Power of Teaching Essay -- College Admissions Teaching Education

The Power of Teaching â€Å"To outfit the methods for securing information is...the most prominent advantage that can be presented upon mankind.†- - (John Quincy Adams) I have never addressed what I needed to be the point at which I grow up. From the time as a little youngster I realized that I needed to instruct. Indeed, even toward the finish of many long school days, I would get back home and play school with the local youngsters. I wanted to help other people learn and enjoyed doing as such. All things considered, to this current day I am instructing and helping other people. Directly, I mentor seventh and eighth grade girls’ b-ball. I am continually showing various techniques and procedures to help improve each individual’s game. From my past encounters I realize training is the field that I wish to seek after. I accept that the general motivation behind training is to get ready for what's to come. The world is turning out to be all the more mechanically propelled every day. Training is imperative to totally comprehend these new ideas. Instruction is the way in to a fruitful and satisfying life. The reason for existing is to give every youngster the equivalent opp...

Endogenous and Exogenous Depression Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

Endogenous and Exogenous Depression Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment Depression Types Print An Overview of Endogenous and Exogenous Depression By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on December 07, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 07, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Jamie Grill / Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment View All Psychiatrists and researchers once categorized depression using a pair of terms derived from Latin: endogenous (meaning from within”) and exogenous (from without). These names were intended to indicate whether someone’s depression came from internal causes (such as genetics) or external causes (like a stressful or traumatic event). The old belief was that the distinction was necessary and that each type of depression had to be treated differently.?? Over the last few decades, however, research has not provided sufficient evidence in support of this theory. Today, depression formerly referred to as “endogenous” is known as major depressive disorder (MDD). The current philosophy is that the same types of treatment can be used for MDD whether it is endogenous or exogenous. However, it can still be helpful for healthcare and mental health professionals to note the differences between endogenous and exogenous causes of major depression when helping people understand the condition.??   The Most Common Types of Depression Symptoms There is considerable overlap in depression symptoms from one type to another.?? A key difference (particularly when discussing endogenous or exogenous types) can be the cause or trigger for an episode of depression rather than specific symptoms. Verywell / Joshua Seong Endogenous Depression Symptoms of endogenous depression include feelings of sadness, worthlessness, guilt, and an inability to enjoy normally pleasurable things.?? You may also notice changes in your appetite, sleep patterns, and energy levels.   If you have endogenous depression, the world may seem like a dark and sad place because thats how you feel within yourself. Exogenous Depression Exogenous depression can look and feel much like endogenous depression.?? The difference is that these symptoms come on after something happens in a persons life. For example, a person may feel persistently sad after the death of a loved one or struggle with guilt and feelings of worthlessness after losing their job. Exogenous depression can make the world seem dark and sad because of whats happening around you rather than in you. Another difference is that people with exogenous depression dont always have the physical symptoms of depression, like having trouble sleeping or change in appetite, which is common in other forms of the condition. Causes Whether depression is endogenous or exogenous, it’s almost always triggered by a life stressor. In someone who is prone to depression due to a genetic or biochemical predisposition, a significant change, life event, or trauma can serve as a trigger that causes them to develop symptoms.   Endogenous Depression People with endogenous depression often feel that their symptoms occur “for no reason”â€"at least in the sense that there is no apparent external cause. Instead, the cause is thought to be biochemical and/or genetic.?? For example, a person with a family history of mental illness may be more likely to develop depression. Can You Be Depressed for No Reason? Exogenous Depression Exogenous (or reactive) depression is triggered by an outside stressor such as the loss of a loved one, getting divorced, or losing your job.?? People who experience or witness a traumatic event may develop depression as a direct result of that exposure.   While someone with endogenous depression had an underlying predisposition that was triggered, exogenous causes can lead to symptoms of depression in someone who doesn’t have a predisposition.   How Life Stressors Can Lead to Depression Diagnosis Medical and mental health professionals use a specific set of criteria to diagnose depression. These guidelines are found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5). Your doctor may evaluate you for depression in the office, but they might also want you to see someone who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental illness, such as a psychiatrist.   Whether depression is endogenous or exogenous may be determined when your doctor is asking you questions about your symptoms.For example, if you began feeling depressed after the loss of a loved one, there is a good chance your depression is reactive (exogenous).If you have experienced symptoms of depression for many years that werent triggered by a specific event, its more likely your depression is endogenous.Your provider may give you an overall diagnosis of depression rather than specifying one or the other. The process of being diagnosed with depression usually involves several key components. It often begins with you being asked questions about how you feel physically and emotionally, what your day-to-day life is like, and whether anyone in your family has a mental health condition.   Is Depression Genetic? You will also be asked questions about your diet and lifestyle, social activities, what you do for work, and any medications that you take or substances that you use. Your provider will want to know if you have people in your life you can turn to for support and whether you have been struggling to go to school, work, or participate in social activities. One of the most important questions you will be asked is whether you have ever had suicidal thoughts or attempted suicideâ€"a potential consequence of untreated depression.   DSM-5 Depression Diagnosis Major depressive disorder  (MDD) is diagnosed when someone has experienced intense sadness and/or loss of interest in their usual activities plus several other symptoms of depression (such as trouble sleeping, change in appetite or weight, and difficulty concentrating) for at least two weeks. After your discussion, your healthcare provider will carefully consider your answers and compare them to the diagnostic criteria for depression. They may ask another professional or specialist for their opinion (a consultation) or have you see another provider for further assessment. Once a diagnosis is established, the providers in charge of your care will begin working on a treatment plan. Keep in mind that the most effective treatment for you won’t necessarily be the same as what works for someone else with depression, and you may need to try more than one treatment. Sometimes, your diagnosis might change. If you don’t respond well to a treatment that usually works for depression, for instance, your doctor might want to reevaluate your symptoms to see if you have another mental illness, such as bipolar disorder. While the process of getting a diagnosis of any form of depression can take time, it is well worth it to ensure the diagnosis is accurate. Having the correct diagnosis will make it much more likely that you will find an effective treatment. How Depression Is Diagnosed Treatment In 2012, a study published in the journal Molecular Psychiatry suggested that the root cause of exogenous and endogenous depression could be found in different pathways in the brain.??   However, researchers have yet to prove that the two types respond differently to specific treatments for depression, such as medication.   Though they are instigated in different ways, both exogenous and endogenous depression ultimately lead to a biochemical imbalance in the brain. Therefore, a treatment that addresses an imbalance can be used for either type.   The first-line treatment for depression of either type is usually antidepressant medication.?? Drugs from a class of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are often the first choice, as they are consistently effective and well-tolerated. Medications are often paired with psychotherapy, which is more effective for some people than using only an antidepressant. People with severe or treatment-resistant depression may need other interventions to effectively manage their symptoms, such as antipsychotic medications and/or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The unique qualities of all types of depression are still being researched. As new information is learned and discovered, in the future, treatments may emerge that can help manage various forms of depression in different or more targeted ways. For now, it’s best to discuss your symptoms, family health history, and risk factors with your doctor or a mental health professional to determine the best treatment. The Best Online Therapy Programs

Financial Globalization And The Financial Crisis - 1274 Words

The term financial globalization can be defined as the integration of various financial markets of countries across the world. In other terms, it means the mobility of finance across various countries without encountering any barrier. Therefore, financial liberation is not sufficient enough parameter for globalization. Financial globalization advocates for development of a single currency worldwide currency that can be regulated and managed by a single global monetary institution. The first era of unrestricted financial globalization took place in late 1860s. During this time, it is argued that London played the role of the heartbeat of all of financial undertaking. This time frame is classified as the early stage of development of global financial and markets (Eichengreen Bordo 202). That time frame was characterized by a sequence of banking challenges as a result of poor financial management, speculation; unrestricted borrowing poorly controlled banking systems and non-disclosure of financial data in the banking industry. Interestingly, Keynes (171) views the financial the first era financial crisis under the perception as London having the ability to serve the whole world in terms of financial assets only through a phone a call. 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Cognitive Styles And Their Impact On Learning - 1145 Words

Introduction Dr. Seuss once said â€Å"It is better to know how to learn than to just know†. The debate over cognitive styles and their impact on learning has been prevalent for over 50 years and is still being researched today. Cognitive styles, also referred to as learning styles, can be defined as â€Å"information processing habits† (Kollofel, 2012) and are believed to be much like traits of personality in that they remain stable and unchanged over time (Klitmoller, 2015). There are three different types of learning styles including visual, auditory/verbal, and kinesthetic. A kinesthetic learner may prefer demonstrations and more hands-on approaches in order to process information. The most prevalent and debated learning styles are visual and verbal. A visual learner is someone who learns through pictures or diagrams while a verbal learner may learn best through discussions and talking out problems. According to Kollofel (2012), there are two different types of visu al learners, those who learn best through spatial imagery and those who learn best through pictures or object imagery. Learning styles in schools are largely debated because it is often difficult for instructors to meet every student’s learning needs. Increasing numbers of students mean that there will be more preferred learning styles. According to Romanelli, Bird, and Ryan (2009), learning styles vary by culture so one form of instruction that may work in America may not necessarily work in Eastern cultures. 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High School Educational System in Contrast Free Essays

Name: Lily High School Educational System in Contrast between Canada and China With the development of a progressive and civilized society, education becomes a greater priority. In separate countries, there are distinct differences in the systems and methods by which education is practiced. The Canadian secondary school educational system is different from the Chinese education system in four main areas: the subjects offered for study, requirements for graduation, the authority of the teachers and the physical aspects of the institutions. We will write a custom essay sample on High School Educational System in Contrast or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first obvious difference in the education system between Canada and China is in the subjects that are offered for study. In China, there are two systems for students to choose in high school: a departmental system consisting of liberal arts and science. The students who choose liberal arts will study Mandarin, English, History, Mathematics, Politics, and Geography. For those who choose science, the preferred courses will be Chinese, English, Mathematics, Biology, Physics and Chemistry. According to BC Ministry of Education (2008), in Canada, there are two ways for students to choose: required and elective courses. For instance, required courses are planning, language arts, mathematics, fine arts and applied skills, social studies, science and physical education and are offered as the students only choices. Furthermore, elective courses have more flexible options. Surely, choosing any courses that interest students is important, as long as their electives are over twenty eight cre dits. The second difference between China and Canada is in the requirements for graduation. In China, students have to take college entrance examinations, which are the most important academic exams in China. In addition, students will receive placings that are arranged from the higher to the lower grades. The marks they get will influence whether they are able to graduate, to repeat the courses or to leave school and enter the workforce as only partially skilled. Conversely, in Canada, the requirements for graduation are easier than they are for students in China. Students in Canada are required to obtain just forty eight credits from the required courses, twenty eight credits from the elective courses, as well as four credits from graduation transitions (BC Ministry of Education, 2008)2. Other noticeable differences between Canada and China involve issues of the authority possessed by teachers. In China, teachers are like parents, in contrast, teachers are more like friends or mentors in Canada. Chinese teachers always emphasize the importance of rote learning and the value of marks. However, Canadian teachers give students more freedom and offer the opportunity to develop their interests. Furthermore, Chinese teachers are much stricter than Canadian teachers. Sometimes, a teacher in China can punish a student by assaulting them, which is due to the fact that teachers in China are held as being above question, while by law. Canadian teachers are not allowed to physically attack their students in any way. (Farran, S. , 2009)3 The final distinct area of difference between Canada and China is the physical aspects of the learning environments. For instance, the sizes of the classes in China usually are composed of approximately sixty people, but classes in Canada normally are a maximum of about thirty people. Statutory holidays are different, too. Chinese students are free from January to February for one month to celebrate Spring Festival and in July and August for two months because of the extremely hot weather. Canadian students are free during a part of December to celebrate Christmas during Winter Break, and this holiday is usually about three weeks without school. In China, students have to go to school in the evening to study; however, Canadian students have the choice of taking extra classes or tuition, but this is optional. In conclusion, the subjects offered for study, the requirements for graduation, the authority of the teachers and the physical aspects of the institutions are the main contrasts between the Canadian and the Chinese secondary school educational systems. Education is an essential component of a successful and potentially prosperous life, and a definitive part of the core competency of a nation. Therefore, how to form a more innovative yet completely effective system of education requires constant exploration, development and implementation of methods that maintain high standards and improve to the highest quality for the students of the world’s future. Reference: 1 BC Ministry of Education (2008). At a Glance Requirements – What You Need to Graduate. Retrieved 2012, from BC Ministry of Education 2 BC Ministry of Education (2008). At a Glance Requirements – What You Need to Graduate. Retrieved 2012, from BC Ministry of Education 3Farran, S. (2009). CAN HIGH SCHOOL GRADES BE TRUSTED?. MacLean’s, 122(44), 92-96 How to cite High School Educational System in Contrast, Essay examples

Polymorphism Adversely Responding to ACE †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Polymorphism Adversely Responding to ACE. Answer: Introducrion: Mr. Tim Hewson is a 61 yr. old male patient who stays in Mawson. He is suffering from Hypertension, ischemic Heart Disease and Gastro esophageal Reflux (GERD). He has a history of ischemic stroke that happened 6 months ago, is a widow with no children and lives alone. Hypertension is characterized by chronic elevated BP. GERD is a condition where the esophageal sphincter is abnormal leading to presentation of heartburn and regurgitation. Ischemic heart disease presents with basically angina due to coronary insufficiency (Marie Visvikis-Siest, 2018). He is under the following treatment; Lisinopril 20mg, Frusemide 40mg, Aspirin 150mg, Cymbalta 60mg nocte, panadol 1g PRN, Ibuprofen 400mg TDS, Nexlum 40mg, Coloxyl and Senna 2 tablets. Lisinopril is an ACE inhibitor and is used to manage hypertension (Wu, Yang, Chang Wei, 2016). Frusemide is a diuretic and is used to treat hypertension and heart disease. Aspirin is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation that may result due to th e ischemic heart disease. Nexlum (esomeprazole) is used in treatment of reflux and heartburn by reducing acid production. Ibuprofen is an NSAID and work to relieve pain and inflammation, symptoms of heart disease (Packer, Anker, Butler, Filippatos Zannad, 2017). Cymbacta is an antidepressant that can be used to treat chronic pain. Panadol is used to relieve mild pains such as headaches that may result due to high blood pressure (Maumus, 2018)Coloxyl and senna are laxatives that softens stool hence facilitating gastric emptying hence relieving symptoms of reflux. Mr. Tims symptoms are persisting and he is also suffering adverse reaction due to treatment. It seems Jim has not been completely compliant to the medication and the general measures advised in regards to his condition. As a community health nurse, I would request Tim to explain to me his eating habits and drug taking frequency. In regards to GERD, Tim ought to be aware that he should use a big pillow while sleeping and he should not sleep immediately after eating (Scarpellini, Ang, Pauwels, Santis, Vanuytsel Tack, 2016). He should also avoid acidic meals. Failure to comply to the measure leads to worsening symptoms. During assessment of the conditions, the cues expected; pain on the chest, headaches, edema, complaints of heartburn and reflux. The information required is having prior knowledge about the conditions, precipitating factors, management and general measures of prevention in the community. As a community health nurse, I will be planned to carry out a physical exam and come out with priority nursing care plan. The next focus will be on the health education (Sacks, Alva, Magalona Vesel, 2015). I will educate Tim on the measures in attaining comfort and pain free and how to minimize complications. Due to the continued use of NSAIDs, the symptoms of GERD are persistent. Tim is also thought to be taking meals just before bed time and high acidic meals. This is the reason for persistent symptoms. Due to the chronic use of Ibuprofen, this has increased the hypertension symptoms and heart disease. Asprin increases of the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding in cases where GERD has led to ulceration. Esomeprazole acts after a long period of time up to 4 days. During this period, the symptoms of reflux and heartburn are persistent. Lisinopril in its action it can worsen the symptoms of heart disease such as chest pain and cough. It also worsens the headache that may be present sin ce the patient is suffering from hypertension. The main reason for taking a community visit is to be able to reach patients who are unable to visit a facility. In the community, one I able to diagnose it as one, identify the common problem hence making a community diagnosis. The goal of the visit is to evaluate the nursing interventions for Tim and assess the need for re planning. Prior to this visit one has to be aware of the history of Tim, the treatment regime and the patient centered management. In the assessment, I would assess the vital signs to ensure whether they are within normal ranges. I would monitor the symptoms and check if they are resolving or fluctuating and consult the subjective concept of the patient. I will also assess the occupational adjustments and adaptation as far as his condition is concerned. Tims symptoms are worsening and this may led to complications. I would recommend him to visit a physician for a checkup and reconsider more tests, hospitalization and change of medications. References Marie, P. Y., Visvikis-Siest, S. (2018). Do we need diagnostic strategies enhanced with genetic information for ischemic heart disease?. Maumus, M. (2018). Solving Americas Prescription Epidemic: Pathophysiology, Ethics, Chronic Pain, and Addiction. In Clinical Approaches to Hospital Medicine (pp. 181-200). Packer, M., Anker, S. D., Butler, J., Filippatos, G., Zannad, F. (2017). Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for the treatment of patients with heart failure: proposal of a novel mechanism of action. JAMA cardiology, 2(9), 1025-1029. Sacks, E., Alva, S., Magalona, S., Vesel, L. (2015). Examining domains of community health nurse satisfaction and motivation: results from a mixed-methods baseline evaluation in rural Ghana. Human resources for health, 13(1), 81. Scarpellini, E., Ang, D., Pauwels, A., De Santis, A., Vanuytsel, T., Tack, J. (2016). Management of refractory typical GERD symptoms. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 13(5), 281.Springer, Cham. Wu, S. J., Yang, Y. H., Chang, H. W., Wei, C. C. (2016). Pharmarcogenetic Mechanism of ACE I/D Polymorphism Adversely Responding to ACE Inhibitors in Regulating the ACE Promoter Activity in Neurons. Alzheimer's Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 12(7), P856.

Computer Viruses Essays (1653 words) - Computer Viruses,

Computer Viruses In the past decade, computer and networking technology has seen enormous growth. This growth however, has not come without a price. With the advent of the "Information Highway", as it's coined, a new methodology in crime has been created. Electronic crime has been responsible for some of the most financially devastating victimizations in society. In the recent past, society has seen malicious editing of the Justice Department web page (1), unauthorized access into classified government computer files, phone card and credit card fraud, and electronic embezzlement. All these crimes are committed in the name of "free speech." These new breed of criminals claim that information should not be suppressed or protected and that the crimes they commit are really not crimes at all. What they choose to deny is that the nature of their actions are slowly consuming the fabric of our country's moral and ethical trust in the information age. Federal law enforcement agencies, as well as commercial computer companies, have been scrambling around in an attempt to "educate" the public on how to prevent computer crime from happening to them. They inform us whenever there is an attack, provide us with mostly ineffective anti-virus software, and we are left feeling isolated and vulnerable. I do not feel that this defensive posture is effective because it is not pro-active. Society is still being attacked by highly skilled computer criminals of which we know very little about them, their motives, and their tools of the trade. Therefore, to be effective in defense, we must understand how these attacks take place from a technical stand-point. To some degree, we must learn to become a computer criminal. Then we will be in a better position to defend against these victimizations that affect us on both the financial and emotional level. In this paper, we will explore these areas of which we know so little, and will also see that computers are really extensions of people. An attack on a computer's vulnerabilities are really an attack on peoples' vulnerabilities. Today, computer systems are under attack from a multitude of sources. These range from malicious code, such as viruses and worms, to human threats, such as hackers and phone "phreaks." These attacks target different characteristics of a system. This leads to the possibility that a particular system is more susceptible to certain kinds of attacks. Malicious code, such as viruses and worms, attack a system in one of two ways, either internally or externally. Traditionally, the virus has been an internal threat (an attack from within the company), while the worm, to a large extent, has been a threat from an external source (a person attacking from the outside via modem or connecting network). Human threats are perpetrated by individuals or groups of individuals that attempt to penetrate systems through computer networks, public switched telephone networks or other sources. These attacks generally target known security vulnerabilities of systems. Many of these vulnerabilities are simply due to configuration errors. Malicious Code Viruses and worms are related classes of malicious code; as a result they are often confused. Both share the primary objective of replication. However, they are distinctly different with respect to the techniques they use and their host system requirements. This distinction is due to the disjoint sets of host systems they attack. Viruses have been almost exclusively restricted to personal computers, while worms have attacked only multi-user systems. A careful examination of the histories of viruses and worms can highlight the differences and similarities between these classes of malicious code. The characteristics shown by these histories can be used to explain the differences between the environments in which they are found. Viruses and worms have very different functional requirements; currently no class of systems simultaneously meets the needs of both. A review of the development of personal computers and multi-tasking workstations will show that the gap in functionality between these classes of systems is narrowing rapidly. In the future, a single system may meet all of the requirements necessary to support both worms and viruses. This implies that worms and viruses may begin to appear in new classes of systems. A knowledge of the histories of viruses and worms may make it possible to predict how malicious code will cause problems in the future. Basic Definitions To provide a basis for further discussion, the following definitions will be used throughout the report; Trojan Horse - a program which performs a useful function, but also performs an unexpected action as well; Virus - a code segment which replicates by attaching copies to existing executables; Worm -

House On Mango Street Essays - Chicano Literature, Free Essays

House On Mango Street Essays - Chicano Literature, Free Essays House On Mango Street Esperanza. Esperanza. As a young girl, Esperanza is a young girl who looks at life from experience of living in poverty, where many do not question their experience. She is a shy, but very bright girl. She dreams of the perfect home, with beautiful flowers and a room for everyone. When she moves to the house of Mango Street, reality is so different than the dream. In this story, hope (Esperanza) sustains tragedy. The house she dreamed of was another on. It was one of her own. One where she did not have to share a bedroom with everyone. That included her mother, father and two siblings. The run down tiny house has bricks crumbling in places. The one she dreamed of had a great big yard, trees and 'grass growing without a fence'. She did not want to abandon where she came from, but she knew she wanted to be free of everything that life on Mango Street brought. They will not know I have gone away to come back. For the ones I have left behind. She is committed to her roots on Mango Street. We witness Esperanza blossoming from a innocent, shy girl to one who witnesses much, but all of this makes her strong and clear about her desires for her life. What she sees is the male domination (machismo), violence and rape. The violence in the home was ordinary to those that lived there and Esperanza knew this. It didn't make Sally stronger. Sally is abused by her father He never hit me hard, as her mom tends to her wounds. Sally eventually leaves home and gets married at a young age. She ends being abused, instead by the fist, by mind control. Her new husband treats her like a prisoner in her home. She sits at become afraid to go outside. The leave home, she would need permission. She evolves from a victim of child abuse to a slave-like wife. Esperanza sees this despair throughout her story. In My Name, She looked out the window her whole life, they way so many women sit, with their sadness on an elbow. Abuse to Rafaela, again subtle because she does not go out, in fear of husband. Poverty on Loomis, Keeler and Paulina; poverty is a way of life. The impact is for all generations, the parents who cannot get out, the children that see it and the little ones who cannot know any better. The opportunities are limited in the barrio. Esperanza was embarrassed when she pointed to her house there. There?, as if there was no place for a girl to live. But survival is instinctive and there is a certain amount of barrio pride Those who don't know any better come into our neighborhood scared. They think we are dangerous. They think we will attack them with shiny knives. They are stupid people who are lost and got here by mistake. The victim of being called a rice sandwich. Hurt by the sister superior as she points to a row of ugly houses reminding Esperanza of the sin of being poor. Machismo is something seen in the domestic situations throughout Hispanic people. The violence, the subservience that is expected and the men believe the women are second and are second class citizens. There role is to be domestic housekeepers and to birth children. Alicia makes tortillas for her father. When Esperanza is raped, she is again taught of the power of (some) men. But throughout her growth Esperanza gets very clear that she will not live as those around she sees. She wants independence. She knew getting out would help her achieve her dreams. She was motivated but everything she experiences. She learns about trust when Sally told her the circus would be fun, only to be raped. Her shyness (eating alone in the company lunchroom), and about being gullible. In Cathy Queen of hearts, Cathy says, father will have to fly France and find her cousin and inherit the house. She believes that everything will be good. But she feels incredibly stupid for not for not knowing better. But she does learn. When she learns that the box, is a music box. She is ashamed for

Managing Creative People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing Creative People - Essay Example Creativity means many things to many people, and it is not only found in engineering, art, and design teams within the company. It can also be found in finance and in sales and marketing, even in seemingly mundane jobs as administration, records-keeping, and logistics, now called supply chain management, a creative way of describing a complex process that is fast becoming a source of competitiveness (Tan, 1998). Creativity can be useful in developing new products, but it also helps save costs (see those suggestion boxes scattered all over the office), time, and jobs, raise revenues, increase output, motivate people, discover new customers, and keep old ones. In fact, the problem really lies not in making people exercise creativity, because they are normally eager to exercise this power that most humans possess. The real problems are: first, how to ensure that they exercise useful creativity; second, how to choose which of the 'creative' solutions will work; third, how to 'manage' the creative process so that those whose ideas are not accepted do not stop being creative; and fourth, how to turn creative ideas into profits for the company and its stockholders (Lapierre and Giroux, 2003). In this paper, we attempt to suggest concrete strategies to solve the problems of managing employee creativity with a few basic rules based on several decades of experience of what works and what do not work. We will refer to articles in journals, periodicals, and management classics from authors who have proven themselves in the past as competent managers. But before we begin, we need to keep two points very clear in our minds. First, we consider only an organization filled with people like you and me who think, breathe, move, and have the minimum of intelligence to be employed. These pointers on managing creativity may not work, for example, in a penitentiary work detail, or in a firm where the workers are "challenged" in one way or another. For examples like those, we need different models of management. Second, the creative people we want to manage are human beings whom we assume to be motivated to do well and contribute to the world by earning a decent living. Therefore, we are not talking of criminals or cult members who exercise their creativity in ways that are not considered normal. In other words, we want to discuss how to manage a group of psychologically balanced people who are intelligent and highly motivated to exercise exceptional levels of creativity in their ordinary work, a task that by itself is tough enough and guaranteed to make any well-intentioned manager challenged and equally creative. The Rules of Creative Engagement How does an ordinary manager handle creative workers We can follow a few basic rules. Don't Fake It Before he was hired as IBM's CEO, Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. was a McKinsey & Company consultant, then an executive in a company that sold credit cards (Amex), biscuits, and cigarettes (RJR Nabisco). Tapped to turn around one of the best technology companies, he admitted in his first interview for the job that he was not qualified because he lacked the technical background (Gerstner, 2002, p. 10). In fact, one of the first pieces of advice he got from his older brother (a retired IBM

Ethics, Moral dilemmas, and the Law in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 2013 Assignment

Ethics, Moral dilemmas, and the Law in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 2013 - Assignment Example They will always be against the moral ethics of individuals. For instance, a patient suffering from a fatal disease may make a decision to take away his life or fail to disclose his illness to the family with an assumption that it would cause trauma and discomfort (Garber, 2008). It should be noted that, regardless of the current condition of the patient, the nurse still has no right to concede with the patient’s wish to attempt to take his life (Werth, 2013). Siding with the patient will give a clarification that he has accepted the obligation. Instead, the nurse should advice the patient that whatever their condition, it is just temporary and their status will change after some time. Abiding to wrong decisions is considered to be morally wrong. It is considered immoral to accept decisions after knowing that the intended decisions are not right. Morally upright human beings should not be submissive to a thought that goes against human dignity especially if a responsibility is laid in ones hands (Gowans, 1987). It is against the law of the society to accept the concept of an event of what is wrong, like failing to disclose information which is vital to the life of a person. Ethics will, therefore, entail the morals used in identifying what is right and what is wrong. Concerning medical fraternity, the practitioners should have the concept of telling the truth at whatever conditions and

Personal Reflection On Infection Control In United Kingdom Nursing Essay

Personal Reflection On Infection Control In United Kingdom Nursing Essay It is highly believed within the health care industry that Healthcare Associated Infections (HCAI) are a grave worry and concern for the public of the United Kingdom (Nunkoo and Pickles 2008). When it is considered that Clostridium Difficile, commonly referred to as C-diff, is a HCAI it is made apparent that the public are greatly aware of this problem due to the fact that a high percentage of people are aware of this infection (Bosanquet 2009). The Healthcare Commission (2005) have also noted their concerns over this problem both the actual problem clinical areas have at the moment and also the potential problems that C-diff actually poses within hospitals a concern that the Department of Health (2009) also holds. These problems are also acknowledged by numerous additional sources who suggest that infection control in itself is required to be heightened in awareness and practice (Jenkinson et al 2006) making it a significant factor within primary care, a statement which is reiterated by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2006). Due to the significance of this issue the author has chosen to reflect on an incident that she encountered whilst on placement within an acute hospital ward regarding this matter. The author has chosen to reflect on this particular incident she encountered using Johns reflection model (1990) with the intention of accessing, making sense of and learning through a specific experience (Johns 1994). The situation chosen for reflection has been classified by the author as being a critical incident. This claim is due to the fact that the experience resulted in thought provocation. Smith and Jack (2005) agree with this when they claim that a critical incident is an experience that results in individuals thinking about what has happened or indeed what is happening, resulting in the provoking of thought within an individual, just as happened in the authors experience. Description Whilst on placement within an acute hospital I encountered a situation that provoked thoughts and feelings within me alongside a desire to further research the subject. I was on a morning shift and was asked by another staff member to help them with a lady patient in a side room that was being barrier nursed due to her being positive for c-diff. Before entering the room to assist the staff member I washed my hands and put on my apron and gloves and then continued to help the staff nurse with the patient. When the task had been completed I proceeded to take the cardboard liner out of the commode and checked with the staff nurse that I was to leave my protective clothing on whilst leaving the room to go to the sluice and dispose of the patients waste and the cardboard liner. The staff nurse told me that hospital policy stated that I would be right in doing exactly that and therefore I proceeded to do so before removing my protective clothing and washing my hands. REFLECTION For this reflective assignment the author has chosen to use Johns (1990) model of reflection due to the belief that she holds that this will ensure that she is to delve through her rationale for actions and the feelings provoked. With regards to this particular incident the author intends to reflect-on-action so that the experience of the situation can be turned into knowledge therefore providing the oppurtunity of being able to learn from what occurred. Jasper (2003) suggests that this is credible due to the fact that reflecting-on-action as opposed to in-action changes the experience of the individual into knowledge. What is c-diff? what does it do? How often does it occur? In 2007 The Health Protection Agency (2007a) reported that there were over fifty thousand noted cases of c diff that presented within individuals over the age of 65. What is it now What does office of national statistics say HPA claim reduction Who does and who doesnt All hospitals are legally bound to ensure that legislation is followed by all staff something that is stated by numerous differing government led organisations including the Health and Safety Executive (2003) who reiterate the statement made by the Health and Safety at Work Act (1974) that states HOW MANY HOSPITAL TRUST DO THIS? STATISTICS The documents Winning Ways (DH 2003a) and the Matrons Charter (2004) outlined important areas in the control of infection and acted as a catalyst for local action. According to Shuttleworth (2007) local targets have been set to reduce C diff by twenty five per cent by introducing initiatives to improve knowledge, practical skills in infection prevention and control such as guidelines recently updated (Pratt et al 2007) and DHs and National Health Service (NHS) Modernisation Agencys Saving Lives: A Delivery Programme to Reduce Healthcare Associated Infection (2005). The government (DH 2007b) provided tools and resources to embed robust infection prevention endorsed by the HCC (DH 2007c) by publishing Essential steps to safe, clean care that mirrors Saving Lives but is specific to primary care. These are based on standard principles of infection control such as isolating patients and implementing barrier precautions that must be applied routinely to prevent HCAI transmission (Gould 200 9). Defining the role of the nurse is a difficult task however the role the nurse has within infection control measures is that they are responsible for ensuring that policies and procedures are always followed. It is agreed by Health Protection Agency (2007) AND The Royal College of Nursing (2008) that one of these roles of the nurse is to ensure that individual patients that are confirmed to have c-diff are placed in a side room where they have access to their own toileting fascilities. WHY IS THIS. As stated this is the nurses role however this is not always possible to fulfill due to the fact that side rooms are not always available and the actual layout of wards within hospitals often limit the possibilities of individual toilet fascilities HOW DO I KNOW THIS/. WHEN THIS IS NOT POSS WHAT ARE THE RISKS? HOW FAR CAN SPORES TRAVEL? WHO SAYS WHAT ABOUT THIS SITUATION Johnson and Gelding (2004) claim that even after thoroughly cleaning patient areas C-diff spores can still be found a claim that suggests that after a patient is moved out of a sideroom if they had c-diff confirmed whilst they were being nursed in the room even after cleaning the contamination risk is still apparent. WHAT DOES HCC SAY ABOUT THIS? AND ANYONE ELSE? EXPAND THIS. How does cdiff spread? Hands, environment? Air? Hall and Horsley (2007) suggest that c-diff spores can be spread to patients from the environment however it is individuals who visit the hospital not following the requested hand hygiene that is blamed by Banfield and Kerr (2005). WHICH IS IT OR IS IT BOTH WHO SAYS SOME PEOPLE CLAIM THAT THERE ARE NO SPORES IN THE ENVIRONMENT AT ALL BUT WHO HAND WASHING After washing hands they must be completely dried using a paper towel that is then disposed of (Johnson and Gerding 2004) however this is not agreed by Yamaoto et al (2005) who claim that drying washed hands using warm air may well be a more successful way of limiting bacteria that may be on the hands. WHAT DO NICE SAY AND RCN AND DOFH Arguably hand washing can be classified as being one of the important and utmost effective methods of reducing HCAI (Pittet et al 2000). The World Health Organization (2004) holds this to be at the forefront of its Global Patient Safety Challenge something that Gould et al (2007) supports. Hand washing is advised to be done at specific times within situations in a healthcare setting one of which is before and after contact with any patient (Department of Health 2008). The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2003) support this statement along with numerous additional governing bodies. The Department of Health (2008) continue that when hands are washed they should be done so with soap and water. The rationale behind this method was recommended in 2001 by the Infection Control Nurses Association due to the fact that soap and water supporting the correct technique helps the skin oil layer to be removed which is the one that retains c diff spores. In addition to this it is suggest ed that the hands are dried once again by a specific and rigorous technique which uses a paper towel that is deemed to be disposable (Johnson and Gerding 2004). This claim is not supported by everybody, Yamaoto et al (2005) believe that drying hands with a paper towel is less effective than leaving them to dry by air, suggesting that this technique would minimize the amount of becteria present on the hands. Alcohol gels are nowadays commonly used therefore rendering soap and water as replaced in many situations and environments. Using alcohol gel prior to and post patient contact is a recommendation that NICE (2003) supported with the exception of when hands can be seen to be soiled to the naked eye. NICE (2003) recommend using an alcohol-based hand-rub before and after patient contact, unless hands are visibly soiled of which case then implement liquid soap and water and an effective hand-washing technique. EPIC 2 (DH2007e) support this claim though believe alcohol is not effective against C diff microorganisms and suggests the nurse must consider the need to remove transient and/or resident hand flora. Non-compliance of this suggestion EPIC 2 (DH 2007e) believe presents a direct clinical threat to patients. Wilson (2006), Pellowe et al (2007) believes hand hygiene technique and the principles of infection control are too complex for staff to comply or perhaps too complicated for healthcare professionals to in-cooperate into everyday routine (Yamaoto 2005 et al). Jenkins (2004) recognizes staff hand hygiene is poor and is part of the nurses role (Supported by DH Chief Medical Officer 2002). IS IT LOW STAFFING LEVELS OR WRONGLY PLACED EQUIPMENT OR INDIVIDUAL NURSES ATTITUDES THAT AFFECTS HAND WASHING IT IS PART OF THE NURSES ROLE Jenkins (2004) suggests that hand hygiene of health care staff is not at a high level despite it being part of the nurses role within the hospitalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.WHO SAYS IT IS NURSE ROLE The following of stringent infection control policies and regulations often are not carried out which is something that can be due to numerous different factors. Different organisations and individuals put the blame for any lapses in infection control procedures down to different things including the belief that it is the mixture of skills and qualifications that are employed on a ward (Pellowe et al 2007). Additional factors believed to be responsible include the attitudes held by individual staff and the social norms of the actual ward environment (Pellowe et al 2007) however this is not the main influencing factor believed by all. Hugonnet et al (2007) suggest that they are in agreement with the idea of the ward environment playing an important part as they claim that the positioning of equipment for example sinks and cleaning products is something that can increase or decrease infection control guidelines being followed. This in itself is not something that is agreed by the HCC ( 2006) who state that the spread of infection within hospital settings is heightened due to shortage of staff on wards. However, the author believes that if shortage of staff was to blame then poor infection control would be evident on all wards that have this denominator which is not the case. DISPOSABLE GLOVES, APRON It seems that numerous organisations agree that to reduce the risk of cross contamination and infection itself protective clothing should be worn. The government themselves state that disposable aprons and gloves should be worn by all staff when caring for individuals whom are not only confirmed to be infected yet also when they are suspected to be (Department of Health 2007a). This is reiterated by the Royal College of Nursing (2008) who also suggest that this is important in reducing infection. There is some contradiction in beliefs regarding the use of plastic disposable aprons after hand washing with Hateley (2003) suggesting that this prevents any microorganism to clothing transmission, this is reiterated by numerous people including Wilson et al (2007) and HCC (2006). This is not agreed by Babb et al (1983) when they claimed that microorganisms are not completely prevented by the use of these specific aprons however a reduction was believed to occur. Gould (2009) take this one stage further in the suggestion that upon exposure to any excreta aprons should be worn before stringent disposal immediately after exposure, a statement that is supported by NICE (2003). Although there is agreeance between NICE (2003) and Gould (2009) there is no specific specification that denotes when gloves should be changed, be it before leaving the particular isolated environment or after. It is stated that wearing protective clothing of any sorts is not necessary upon the entry into an isolated environment (Gould 2009) however this same author claims that when in practice protective clothing should be worn at all times due to the chance of patients requesting assistance. This somewhat contradicts the first claim that protective clothing is not required when entering high risk areas yet is actually required in general practice upon the pretense that help could be asked for. It can be seen from this that the evidence and recommendations with regards to protective clothing are somewhat confusing at times. Derbyshire County Barrier Precautions Policy (2007) further add to this confusion when they stipulate that before leaving any infected area gloves should be removed suggesting that they should actually be worn in the first place. This policy then continues with a suggestion that any members of staff with any materials needing maceration should indeed change their gloves at just before the point of actually handling the door to the sluice, alongside this they claim that protective clothing should indeed be worn throughout the whole of the task until completion. If Gould (2009) is to be followed then no protective clothing would have been worn in the first place in the isolated area. This confusion only enhances with the addition of clinical waste disposal, something that by admittance by is found to be confusing to members of the healthcare team (Gould 2009). Following the recommendations of Gould (2009) any items for the macerator should be taken directly into the sluice whilst protective clothing is still being worn resulting in immediate disposal in the macerator. The protective gloves and apron is then said to be required to be discarded into correct refuse prior to washing hands. Gould (2009) continues to state that in an ideal world any patients that may be infected with c diff should have one of either their own individual en suite toileting facilities or their own individual commode. The later of these two statements has enhancement from the Department of Health (2008) who state specifically that this commode should not leave the patients room. So clearly from these authors and organisations it can be clearly seen that the evidence and suggestions are indeed confusing. The Royal College of Nursing (2008) claim that when wearing gloves a warm and moist environment is created which in turn leads to the possibility of microorganisms growing in vast numbers. Hateley (2003) reiterates this claim alongside Pratt et al (2007) who suggest that upon glove removal soap and water be used to wash hands as mentioned earlier in this text. When I was tasked with disposing of the infected waste I wanted to ensure that I did so using evidence based practice so as to minimize, if not completely eradicate, any risk of cross contamination whilst taking the waste from one area to another where the macerator was based. I was aware of the potential risk of contaminating the environment along the corridors of the ward and did not want to do this and put other patients and staff at risk therefore I needed to question my practice. The contents of the bed pan could have spilled on the floor or the paper towels which would have resulted in spores being released into the surrounding environment. I did consider using my elbow to open the door handle in the patients room and the one leading to the sluice yet came to the realization that this could have resulted in spillage onto either myself or the surrounding environment. O Callaghan (2005) stated that any challenge that nursing practice may receive could possibly add to any changes to policies and or practice regarding infection control procedures and barrier nursing. If Mohanna and Chambers (2001) is to be believed then risk management can be deemed to be an integral factor within clinical governance. Throughout this experience I did hold an awareness of the principles of barrier nursing. This led me to challenge this specific wards policies on the best practice for taking the bed pan from the patients room to the sluice. When I walked down the corridor with only paper towels covering the bed pan I was aware of the possibility that I may well have been spreading c diff spores. This could have had huge implications for all within the surrounding environment. Upon opening the door handles I was more than aware that my gloves had a high risk of being contaminated yet there was nothing I could do to eliminate this. My feelings at the time, are as they still are, ones of hypocrisy. I felt slightly shamed at the fact that I lacked the knowledge to stand and challenge the policy in a greater depth. INFLUENCING FACTORS. One of the first influencing factors of this situation was the recognition that the ward, its patients and staff were intitled to the very best of care. The NMC code of conduct (2008) state that all nursing staff have a duty of care. Within this very code it is stipulated that nursing staff hold a role that means they are expected to prevent patients from infection and protect them at all times. It also stipulates that nurses have a professional duty which includes providing evidence based practice and care that is up to date. The whole scenario was obviously one that would cause the patient to lose their dignity thereofr eI was more than aware of the need to dispose of the excreta immediately and safely. This dignity was what I was trying to protect when covering the bed pan with the paper towels, something that has been agreed as ethically right and correct practice by Timby (1996) alongside the Department of Health (2003b). Not only is this noted as being best practice within the circumstances yet also practice that would provide a reduction within the chance of spillage, therefore I was showing risk management skills. COULD I HAVE DEALT WITH THE SITUATION BETTER? In hindsight I feel that the confusion I encountered at the time of the incident could have been avoided had I had made myself aware of the wards policies on infection control and barrier nursing at the beginning of my placement. Other than this I think that I handled the situation well by questioning what I was being asked to do, however I wish I had held the knowledge that I have gained through this reflection prior to the experience. If I had then maybe I could have foreseen the situation arising and possibly found a solution to a potential problem instead of being confused by an actual problem. In addition to this one thing that I realize I did not do yet could well have done is to have used alcohol gel after washing my hands. This could have reduced the risk of cross contamination further (RCN 2008) which could have resulted in easing my concerns slightly. LEARNING. Numerous issues still remain with regards to infection control and infection prevention however this experience resulted in my awareness of the subject matter being raised. Prior to this experience I encountered I was unaware of factors that potentially predispose individuals to infection. Disease is not always caused by c diff when it is present in the bowel, it is only when bowel flora is changed from being deemed to be normal that disease occurs. This alteration of normal bowel flora can potentially be caused by specific antibiotics, a claim that has had wide spread support throughout the past twenty plus years (Lyerly et al 1988, McFarland et al 1989, Association of Medical Microbiologists 1998, DH 2007a ). Despite my actions being that of best practice within the specific trusts policy I appreciate that isolating any patient into an individual room of their own so as to decrease the risk of cross contamination. However it has to be considered that c diff spores are never truly eradicated completely from the environment. In compliance with evidence based practice guidelines (2009) I ensured that I washed my hands correctly prior to going into the patients room and also wore protective clothing. I placed two disposable paper towels over the bed pan liner due to my awareness that to get to the macerator I would have to walk down the corridor of the ward. I believe that covers for these cardboard liners should always be supplied and used. However upon searching for such a product I could not find any such thing. This is still not an idealistic solution as the risk of spillage would still remain therefore in an ideal world, as suggested earlier, all patients should have their own toileting facilities. So as to resolve the confusion of opening door handles with gloves that pose the risk of contamination it could be suggested that doors within ward environments be handle free. This would limit the contamination risk however the handle on the macerator would also need to be redesigned so as to enable that t oo to be touch free, from hands at least. This suggestion is something that the Department of Health (2008) could be argued to support due to the fact that they claimed to be researching touch free designs for specific equipment. Hand washing and protective clothing can be deemed to be a priority within the spread of c diff yet from the research and literature reviewed within this assignment it is clear that some confusion is apparent, probably steming from the noted contradictions. This experience of a critical incident enthused reflection as explored by the use of Carpers (1978) methods and ways of knowing, namely personal, ethical, aesthetic and empirical. The thorough acknowledgement of these patterns is claimed to expand not only the bredth of understanding yet also the expansion of personal thinking beyond specific approaches (Ashburner 1996). Upon placing paper towels over the bed pan the patients dignity and privacy was maintained, alongside professionalism being shown. Factors that are not only thoughtful yet also a part of the NMCs code (2008). Throughout the experience I was led by the theoretical knowledge that I had gained throughout the journey of my life. Moral decision making is said to be solely focused upon what should actually be done within a specific scenario or situation (Davis 1995). Prior to my reflection upon this practice I was not fully aware of the rational for my actions and the theory that underpinned it however I acted as I did through, as stated above, my knowledge and moral decision making. Using the reflection model of Johns (1990) guided me through an exploration of numerous and varied differing knowledge sources that led my individual actions. My whole level of understanding and awareness of infection control within healthcare settings has been raised which in turn will heighten my confidence within the subject matter for the future. This assignment has noted differing cultures within ward settings and policies that lead to contradictions and often confusion. Despite this numerous attributes that I personally hold have been credited and become aware to myself; including critical thinking and problem solving which has allowed me to explore a thought process that led to alternatives to current practice being explored. One of arguably the most important realizations I have gained from this reflection upon practice is that healthcare workers within any setting all play a part within infection control. It has been suggested that hand hygiene, namely hand washing, prior to dealing with any patient and again afterwards is at the heart of infection control (Storr et al 2005). Alongside this and the previously mentioned infection control procedures I believe that the policies and their appliance within day to day practice is indeed the key. Despite all my fore mentioned research into this subject I am left wondering and concerned that even if all staff members follow their specific policies, due to confusion within the literature a risk of cross contamination, resulting in the spread of c diff, will still be present.

Social Trends In Art

Art is something which can be analyzed to give deeper insight as to the common values and beliefs shared by the members of a certain society. Regardless of the place of origin or the time period of a form of art, it will always be a reflection of the social structure in which it’s creator/s lived. However, the way the artist perceives the culture common to his time period is very relative. People pertaining to a higher social class had different values and ideologies than members of a lower class. This different view of life can be seen very clearly in individual forms of art such as painting and music. These specific forms of artistic expression required very little money, thus could be exercised by anyone including members of a lower class. Other forms of art such as architecture and sculpture required more money and in most cases wealthy patrons such as kings or queens. Architecture also required large numbers of workers which often made it hard to see any individual influence in the design, however showed the collective ideology of all of the people involved. The cost of labor and materials was also so great that very affluent members of society were needed to financially support the whole process. Sculpture was also an artistry that required great amounts of material and labor. This resulted in a more normative form of art which portrayed societal aspects in a way that was of interest to the financial backers. By studying both popular and normative art together it is possible to obtain a greater perspective on a specific culture. Outside influences from other countries can also affect the art and the artists of a certain society. As a country sees more and more immigrants from a certain area, the art will begin to reflect the ideologies these outsiders bring in with them. This same change can be seen more drastically in the case of an invasion. The architecture would change drastically, since it is normative art and the new rulers would enforce their own norms and rules. The painting would also change, however less drastically than more official forms of art. This more gradual change could be attributed to the individuals of the country who still retained the old values and customs. These same influences on art would take place if nobility of another country married into the royal family, and was then given heir to the throne. The change would be just as drastic, but departure from old ideologies would be encouraged instead of enforced. In the case of Arab influence in Spain during the eighth century, it was not an invasion rather a gradual settling of this other culture in Spain’s borders. The change was brought about by the affect this outside influence had on the people of Spain. The new ideas and forms of artistic expression were exciting and intriguing to Spaniards, and eventually they adopted these ideas as their own. The change was seen in all forms of art, especially in the new arches and vivid colors used in Arabic architecture. Any time a new way of life makes itself present in a society, it has an affect on the art. Usually this change is seen mostly in architecture and sculpture, while painting follows behind. The two cultures can also mix together and give rise to a new form of hybrid artistic expression. This mixing of ideas and beliefs is usually most evident in places were the people are trying to choose between the new popular culture, and the old beliefs and values of the country. Painting of a certain society can be analyzed either technically or with the purpose of discovering its meaning. It’s the second which should be used in order to give a better idea of the philosophies of a certain group of people. The background of the painting is always very important when studying a painting. The landscape or buildings behind the main focus of the painting can give an idea of where the artist is from. Many times the artist will use a background which doesn’t pertain to the actual painting to show loyalty to his place of birth. This occurred mostly with painters who moved from their home country to live elsewhere and ended up painting in the same style as the other artists in his new country. If the background is painted in a very refined way and contains very elegant features than it can be deduced that the society at that time gave importance to these features. If it is painted very realistically, not showing much attention to beauty, then portraying the scene in a sincere way is probably the author’s primary objective. The subject of a painting is also a very important factor when examining its social influences. In cultures where religion governs every aspect of life, the painting will reflect these beliefs. In any society run primarily by the Roman Catholic Church the only theme used in painting is that of Christianity. This art is known as committed art, and the most common subjects in painting are the Virgin Mary and Jesus. In a society where the paintings are mostly of mythological events and people, it can be deduced that the church is not the most important part of life. Returning to ancient Greek and Roman ideals is more important to this culture than the Catholic Church. Many times art will show common people participating in everyday activities. This type of painting is done by popular artists who have more of an interest in the lower class than the higher class. Many of the artists who depicted this lifestyle were more popular than normative artists, however didn’t receive the same attention from the critics. By looking at the techniques used in paintings it is evident which qualities were seen as more important to art. If the society views color and the overall impression of the painting as the most important aspect, than these techniques will stand out the most. If lines and realism are more important than these aspects will be emphasized in the painting. These trends are often parallel to the social trends which accompany them. If a certain culture believes that reason and straight thinking are the guidelines of life, then these qualities will be reflected in the painting. However, if feelings and the human soul are more important, than the paintings will be less realistic and more emotional. Likewise if a society sees religion as something to be painted with respect, the figures are more likely to be shown idealistically. For instance if the Virgin Mary is always portrayed as young and beautiful, then this shows the society’s respect and admiration for this religious figure. However a different culture could believe in realism as more important and portray Christ on the cross in a gruesome, instead of peaceful, manner. Architecture is the form of art most representative of a certain cultural period. It doesn’t allow for as much individual expression as sculpture or painting because of the number of people involved. While only one or two people design the building, hundreds of people help make this design reality. The designers also had to please the people who gave them the money for supplies and manpower. This made it hard for an architect to show much individual expression. Often times the architecture of a time period is very similar throughout a certain area. The churches are all built in a certain style, as are any official buildings. The architecture very rarely strays from this style since all of it is made to please the same people. This, although sometimes monotonous, makes architecture a unifying force for a specific society. When people see a certain building they know what that building is used for and what that style of architecture signifies. It is also possible to examine architecture and find out more about the society from which it originated. The institutions hailed as important by that society are often built in the official style while other buildings are not. Also, these institutions are often housed in the biggest, most elaborate buildings. Much like painting, the social trends of the time period are often portrayed in architecture. The period of Enlightenment where reason governed most actions, the buildings were built rationally and ever structure served a purpose. The baroque period gave rise to buildings which closely resembled the attitude of the people: the more adornments, the better. Sculpture is a form of art which was often found on buildings as a decoration, or as part of the architecture. Most of the time it was used to portray religious figures in a narrative on the front of a church. The altars inside the church were also made up of mostly small sculptures of religious figures and people. Official sculpture can be found of kings and queens and other important people of the society. Sculpture is helpful in analyzing society partly because it shows a culture’s view of the human body. A culture with an interest in the human body is more likely to show the person nude, and use great detail in the artwork. Sculpture also shows what symbols or figures were representative of a society, and how that society used this symbolism in their art. Music is a form of art that is very individual in nature, and because of this is very diverse. There can be many types of music in a certain society, however, the most popular songs will be those that embody the ideas and beliefs of the common people. Music’s availability to almost everyone makes it a very popular art form. Someone could make an instrument out of just about anything they could lay their hands on. Singing doesn’t even require an instrument, just a voice and some artistic talent. Courtly forms of music show the lifestyles of the rich, affluent members of society, while popular music illustrated that of the common man. Since all of these forms of art are products of society, the driving force behind them are the normative and popular views of life at the time. Although individual expression is always important for any artist, his art won’t appeal to the people if it isn’t representative of society. This makes art a constant reflection of social trends, whether they be those of common man or those of the king and queen. Studying art can prove helpful in analyzing a specific culture or society because embodies the ideology of the nation.

Lab Report Daphnia

Effects of Alcohol, Caffeine, and Temperature on the Heart Rate of Daphnia magna Joseph Ezra Gallo BY124L MW 8:30-11:30 Introduction Ectothermic animals are animals whose body temperature is affected by their surroundings. This means that if the environment is cold the animal will be cold. If the environment is warm the animal will be warm. This is because the animal doesn’t have the capability of regulating its body systems to keep a constant body temperature. When an ectothermic animal is cold, its heart rate will lower.When the animal is warmer, the heart rate will raise – as long as the temperature isn’t sufficiently high to harm the animal. (Campbell, 2005) Alcohol is a depressant. This means that body systems will slow down when alcohol is introduced. In particular, the heart rate will get consistently lower. If too much alcohol is added, it will result in the death of the animal. The alcohol acts by inhibiting the nervous system. (LaFave, 2003) After an in toxicating exposure to alcohol, an organisms system will be impaired for an extended period of time. Caffeine is a stimulant.It will work by causing the nervous system to work faster. Also, it will cause the blood vessels to constrict. (LaFave, 2003) These effects will work together to increase an animals heart rate. Under normal circumstances, the heart rate will increase as more caffeine is added. At some point the high concentration of caffeine will cause the heart to stop functioning. The effect of one outside substance can impair the effects of other substances. In this experiment we will intoxicate an organism. As a result, the nervous system will have difficulty responding when we introduce a stimulant.The caffeine will have no effect on the organism, because it will be insufficient to overcome the effects of the alcohol exposure. Background Daphnia magna is a freshwater ectothermic crustacean commonly referred to as a water flea. Its body is transparent. Because of its trans parency we can observe the effects of substances on its body without surgical procedures. We can observe the heart of the Daphnia to be dorsal to the backbone, just behind the head. (Helms, 1998) The average Daphnia has a heart rate of about 180 beats per minute under normal conditions.We will observe the effects of temperature fluctuations, alcohol, and caffeine on this ectothermic animal. Hypothesis Hypothesis 1: The hypothesis is that lowering the temperature of the surroundings of the ectothermic Daphnia magna will cause its heart rate to lower, and raising the temperature will increase heart rate. Hypothesis 2: The hypothesis is that the heart rate of Daphnia magna will decrease as higher concentrations of alcohol solution are introduced to the system. Hypothesis 3: The hypothesis is that the heart rate of Daphnia magna will increase as higher concentrations of caffeine solution are introduced to the system.Materials and Methods For the sake of time, the experiment was split in to two parts and each part was performed by a different team. One team worked on the effects of temperature changes on heart rate. The other team worked on the effects of Alcohol and Caffeine on the heart rate. Both teams obtained a plastic pipette and cut off the tip at the first graduation from the bottom to allow Daphnia magna to fit into the pipette. The teams each obtained a depression slide and smeared a small amount of petroleum jelly on one of the wells.Any excess petroleum jelly was wiped off so that there was only one layer on the well. Then each team used their pipette to draw a Daphnia magna from the jar and placed it on the petroleum jelly covered well. A Kimwipe was used to draw off excess fluid from the slide. Then one drop of solution was placed on the Daphnia magna to prevent it from drying out. Each slide was placed on a dissection microscope and the heart was located using the Helms manual and help from the lab instructor. Then one minute was given for the Daphnia magna to calm down.The following was the procedure used by the temperature team. After the Daphnia was given time to calm down, the team took a reading of its heart rate at room temperature (27 degrees C). The reading was taken by counting the heart beats for ten seconds and then multiplying by six to yield beats per minute. Next, a glass Petri dish was filled with ice water at five degrees Celsius. The cold water Petri dish was placed on the stage of the microscope, and the Daphnia was placed on top of the dish. When the Daphnia had been given a minute to acclimate to the changes, another heart rate reading was taken.Then the same procedure using the Petri dish to changed environmental conditions was used with cold tap water (23 degrees), warm tap water (30 degrees), and hot tap water (45 degrees). A heart rate reading was taken for each temperature. The following was the procedure used by the team that introduced chemicals into the environment of the Daphnia. First a zero reading was taken before any chemicals were introduced. The zero reading was an observation of the Daphnia’s heart rate before any substances were administered. All fluids were drawn off the slide using the corner of a Kimwipe.Then two drops of two percent alcohol solution were dropped onto the Daphnia. After a minute a heart rate reading was taken. The same procedure, including using the Kimwipe to draw off previous solution, was then used with four, six, eight, and ten percent solutions. A heart rate reading was taken after each solution was introduced. After the last alcohol solution a Kimwipe was used to draw off all of the solution and a drop of Daphnia culture fluid was added. After a minute another zero reading was taken. The team then used the same procedure used with alcohol to introduce caffeine solution of the same concentrations.Heart rate readings were taken after each solution. Results Table #1: Effect of Temperature Variations on Heart Rate of Daphnia magna |Temperatu re (C) |Heart rate (beats/minute) | |Room Temp. |224 | |5 degrees |146 | |23 degrees |182 | |30 degrees |214 | |45 degrees |0 (dead) |As the environment got further away from room temperature the effects were more pronounced. The heart rate got increasingly lower as Daphnia was placed in colder environments. The heart rate was 224 bpm at room temperature, then 182 at 23 degrees, and then 146 at 5 degrees. When the temperature was considerably higher than room temperature the Daphnia could not handle the extreme, and it died. Death occurred at 45 degrees. (Table 1)Table #2: Effect of Alcohol Solutions on Heart Rate of Daphnia magna |Concentration of Solution |Heart rate (beats/minute) | |0% |126 | |2% |84 | |4% |57 | |6% |42 | |8% |30 | |10% |18 | As higher concentrations of alcohol were introduced, the heart rate of Daphnia lowered on a steady trend. Heart rate was 84 bpm with 2% alcohol, 57 bpm with 4% alcohol, and 42 bpm at 6% alcohol. It can also be observed that the resting hear t rate of this Daphnia was considerable lower than that of the Daphnia used in the temperature experiments. (Table 2) Table #3: Effect of Caffeine Solution on Heart Rate of Daphnia magna |Concentration of Solution |Heart rate (beats/minute) | |0% |6 | |2% |6 |4% |6 | |6% |6 | |8% |6 | |10% |0 (dead) | The zero heart rate was lower than the heart rate at the highest level of alcohol concentration. As higher concentrations of caffeine solution were introduced, there was no effect on this Daphnia. When a ten percent solution was added the heart stopped. (Table 3) Discussion Table 1 showed the trend of Daphnia magna’s heart rate lowering as temperatures were lowered.Based on this data it can be reasoned that Daphnia’s heart rate will lower anytime it is introduced to a colder environment. At some point Daphnia would freeze and die, but barring that point the heart rate would get lower and lower with colder temperatures. Along the same line of thinking, increasing envir onmental temperatures would increase Daphnia’s heart rate until the temperature is too high for survival. This data did not completely support the hypothesis because there was no provision for the possibility of death in the hypothesis. If the data had supported the hypothesis the Daphnia would have had a higher heart rate at 45 degrees rather than dying. Table 2 showed the effects of alcohol on Daphnia’s heart rate.The higher the concentration of alcohol, the lower Daphnia’s heart rate got. It can be assumed that this trend would continue until the Daphnia died. This data supported the hypothesis. Table 3 showed the effects of caffeine on Daphnia. This table showed no trend. As a result of the lack of a trend, this data did not support the hypothesis. This can be explained several ways. First, it could have been experimental error. The solution team could have forgotten to use a Kimwipe to remove an alcohol solution from the Daphnia. There also could have been errors in the way Daphnia was handled. Another possible explanation was that the Daphnia was too weak from the beginning.The Daphnia in the temperature experiments had a considerably higher heart rate than that of the Daphnia used in the solution experiments. This could show that the solution Daphnia was weak at the onset of the experiment. As a result the alcohol exposure was unrecoverable for that Daphnia. The ectothermic qualities of Daphnia explained the effects of temperature on the animal. (Campbell, 2005) Daphnia was more tolerant to lower temperatures than to higher temperatures. This was expected since Daphnia usually lives in cold water. (LaFave, 2003b) The alcohol affected Daphnia as expected. (LaFave, 2003) When the caffeine was introduced to the system, there was no change. This was not what we expected based on knowledge of how stimulants affect animals. LaFave, 2003) This can be explained by the excessive nervous system inhibition caused by the alcohol. This experimen t can be used to show the practical application of chemicals and temperatures in regulating body function. It showed that a standard temperature is most preferred by an ectothermic creature. It also shows that chemicals can be introduced if there is any reason to sedate or revive a creature. These things have an obvious practical application in the medical field. Another application is in biological research when samples need to be kept alive, sedated for viewing, or revived. Conclusions 1. Daphnia magna is influenced by certain environmental conditions. 2. Daphnia magna cannot function in extreme situations. 3.Daphnia magna was unable to recover from the high alcohol concentrations. 4. The ectothermic nature and transparency of Daphnia magna made it very easy to observe the effects of environmental changes. Bibliography Campbell, Neil. , Jane B. Reece. 2005. Biology, 7th ed. Beth Wilbur ed. Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco, CA. pp 833-834. Helms, Doris. , Carl Helms. , R obert Kosinski. , John Cummings. , 1998. Biology in the Laboratory, 3rd ed. Judith Wilson ed. W. H. Freeman and Company Publishing, New York, New York. pp. 38-14 – 38-16 LaFave, N. Virtual Water Flea Experiment. http://www. geocities. com/nck12nlafave/daphnia. htm. 2003.