Negative Effects Of Bullying - 1232 Words

Bullying is a continuing problem that has affected individuals from their childhood and continuing well into adulthood. Consequences of bullying are vast in their potential to negatively impact the person s physical, emotional, and psychological state of well being. The poor management of stress brought by the onset of bullying affects social health both short term and long term foreshadowing numerous potential risk factors and actions. Prevalent issues in victims include higher chances of mental health problems damaging, self-esteem, low morale, and irrational decision making. Among various topics surrounding bullying, we will give an idea of how prevalent the magnitude of the problem has become. We will touch basis on risk factors and†¦show more content†¦(Jose) The act of bullying is not something relatively new but recently has drawn much attention to the public due how prevalent and damaging it has become. New technology accompanied by an endless expanding digital world has brought a new trend of bullying called cyberbullying. This form of harassment no longer requires face to face interaction, the aggressor, and the victim are in the comfort of their home. Cyberbullying is on the rise due to the ease of access to social media. (Lucy R. Belts, Karin A. Spencer, Sarah E. Gardner, 2017) Statistics have marked an era where women increasingly are targeted with an overall prevalence rising from 15% to 21% between the years of 2006 and 20012 (Kessel S., O’Donnell L., Smith E. 2015) The harmful consequences that set upon the victim have both long-term and short-term effects. Suicide is by far one of the most dominant and prevalent impacts caused by the onset of bullying. Among other mental health issues associated with or brought upon by bullying, you find depression and anxiety these associations are more invasive and prominent as a child. (Klomek, Sourander, and Gould. 2011) With statistic indicating large jumps from 13.4% to 28.8% in self-harm reports associated with some bullying being either physical, emotional, or psychological abuse it becomes easy to say that bullying is on the rise. These numbersShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Bullying1188 Words   |  5 Pages Bullying is a serious issue in today’s society. It can affect the well-being of the offender, bystander, and target. It can happen almost anywhere and anytime in privacy, in schools, at places of employment, and even in neighborhoods. Bullying can be classified as being physical, emotional, verbal or social which known as cyber bullying. There are various types of bullying experienced in schools among the students like: teasing, taunting, threatening, hitting, spitting, and embarrassing othersRead MoreNegative Effects Of Bullying1424 Words   |  6 PagesBullying is unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance (â€Å"Stop Bullying† 2012). The behavior is repetitive or has the potential to be repetitive over time. Bullying occurs all over the world, all ages, and within both gender. The adolescent stage is a confusing time and when physical, verbal, social and cyberbullying into the mix, it can damage a person. Bullying does major harm to the victim, as well as the bully. Bullying has existedRead MoreNegative Effects Of Bullying1811 Words   |  8 Pages The Detrimental Effects of Bullying In today’s schools, it seems there are always problems arising; one of these problems has become quite an issue and needs serious attention in order for it to be resolved. According to stopbullying.gov, bullying among school-aged children involves a real or perceived power imbalance and aggressive behavior towards other students. Most students will experience, first or second-hand, bullying throughout their time at school. This issue is causing our schools toRead MoreNegative Effects Of School Bullying1855 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction School bullying continues to be a prevalent problem found in elementary, middle and high schools across the United States and internationally (Slee Mohyla, 2014). Everyday educators are faced with the problem of trying to determine why students bully and what they can do to prevent or dramatically reduce the behavior. Previous research has provided much needed insight into the issue, but as we move forward the nature of bullying is constantly changing. Bullying comes in many formsRead MoreEssay on Bullying and Its Negative Effects2940 Words   |  12 Pagesare abused by their parents, peers or even by complete strangers. One of these types of abuse is bullying. At a first glance, we might think that it is an older kid beating/teasing a younger classmate however; bullying consists of much more than this. The basic definition of bullying is when your behavior hurts or harms another person physically or emotionally. There are many different types of bullying, which may lead to a vict im becoming violent later on. There is teasing and name calling, thereRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Bullying Effects Child Development959 Words   |  4 Pageshappens when our surroundings create a negative living environment and inflict the most pain? Children are faced with many different obstacles throughout their early development. One main obstacle that can change a child’s perspective on life is being a victim of bullying. Bullying can be defined as unwanted repetitive actions that inflict pain onto others. Millions of children each year are effected by bullying. According to Smokowski and Kopasz, â€Å"Bullying can be considered the most prevalent formRead MoreNegative Effects Of Cyber Bullying1528 Words   |  7 PagesWe all know that bullying in any form is horrible for the victims, so why does it happen? Some thoughts on this, are that the bullies are being harmed in some way or have low self-esteem themselves and that they cope by being mean to others to ma ke themselves feel better. Then other ways it may just for them to feel powerful, and to look cool around the other kids. The bullies may not even understand the harm they are inflicting. (Understanding Cyberbullying: Why It Happens and How To Prevent ItRead MoreNegative Effects Of Bullying Essay928 Words   |  4 Pages What are the effects of bullying on international students- A literature review Introduction Bullying has been a great problem in every workplace over several years (Bauman, Rigby Hoppa, 2008; Smith Brain, 2000; Olweus, 1994). Researchers have shown interest in this topic consistently (Policy, 2014; Sampson, 2009; Einarsen, Hoel Cooper, 2003). This literature review will cover the various definitions of bullying, bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace and school, various possible outcomesRead MoreNegative Effects Of Bullying On Children837 Words   |  4 Pages12/20/17 Megan Castles The Effects of Bullying in Children Bullying has become more of an issue that is threatening our younger generation today. Bullying is becoming more of a vicious act in public schools throughout the United States (Coloroso, 2003; Felix McMahon, 2006). There are many adverse effects that are caused by this disgraceful act. The average school-age child is silently or overtly tormented on a daily basis. Many of these students who experience bullying feel that they have no oneRead MoreNegative Effects Of Bullying Essay1175 Words   |  5 Pages Effects of Bullying In the 2014-2015 school years, 292,400 students reported being bullied out of a total of 763,000 students (Student Reports of Bullying: results From the 2015 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey, National Center for Education statistics(NCES)). Bullying does not affect only children in school, but can also happen to adults. Bullying has an immense effect on people of all ages. Whether it is an adolescent at school, or an adult in their workplace

Interview with a Couple - 1839 Words

1. Question: Share some of the background of your interviewee (or couple). What was this person’s/couple’s story? I interviewed a woman name Jodi. This was an amazing interview that I made with a couple. This interview was quite educational, challenging and rewarding. Through this interview I expanded my knowledge regarding cultural factors that can helpful for the couple in order to form their identity in a unique way. The couple traced their historical background back to North Canton Ohio. Jodi is a 34 year old beautiful stay-at-home wife, with two wonderful sons named Brett and Justin and is happily married to her best friend Pete of 14 years. Jodi is also a Jehovah Witness. Jodi and her whole family are of the Jehovah faith. Jehovah’s Witnesses beliefs learn that baptism by total immersion is the representation of someone life in the way of God. Jodi has one living siblings and one deceased, both parents are living and actively involved in their lives. Mainly Jehovah witnesses belief that they have different religion traditions than Christian denominations such that they limit the nu mber of people who will have the privilege to go to heaven, 144,000 that is refusals of tradition of Latin cross and denying the Trinity doctrine. Jodi and her husband Pete live in North Canton Ohio not too far from my employment where Jodi works out at the local gym Bally Total Fitness, this is where we met. There was one point of the interview i.e. Jodi shared an early childhood memoryShow MoreRelatedCouples Interview839 Words   |  4 PagesEssay TWO – Married Couples Interview Interview three (3) married couples or persons in a long-standing committed relationship regarding the factors that contributed to their choice of spouse/partner. Interview both persons in the relationship. Make sure you have collected a consent form signed by each couple interviewed. The essay will not be graded without signed consent forms. The essay is to be 5 pages to no more pages than 7 pages in length (not counting the title page and the referenceRead MoreCouple Interview - Marital Challenges Essay1463 Words   |  6 PagesI interviewed John and Cindy about their marriage and the challenges they’ve faced together as a married couple. I am encouraged by their relationship and have decided to use their relationship as a model for my second interview. John and Cindy have been married for almost 5 years. In addition to this union, there is McKenna, Cindy’s son. They are a blended family, of course, and are part of the more modern structure of families in our society. When reflecting upon their ideas about marriage, priorRead More A Couple Interview with Regina and Mike Smith Essay1678 Words   |  7 Pagesother. After conducting an interview with Darlene and Mike Smith it became very evident that theirs was a seemingly balanced and harmonious relationship. The interview asked questions about how things like their backgrounds, challenges together, boundaries, family interactions, and spirituality have developed into a family and marriage relationship that successfully navigates through life together. Background The Process of the Interview The couple walked into the interview with a very happy demeanorRead MoreInterview About A Couple That I Know Well Who Have Been Together For Ten Or More Years? Essay2359 Words   |  10 Pagesassignment I have been asked to interview a couple that I know well who have been together for ten or more years, and compare their answers to a few questions against one another. The questions ranged from simple things, like gauging attraction levels, to more complex elements, such as what one side had to do to compromise in order to maintain the relationship. I emailed my couple separately as to make sure that they felt no pressure of their spouse seeing their answers. The couple I chose was one of my bestRead MoreCultural Immersion Project 3- Couple of the Muslim Faith Lillian Reaves1481 Words   |  6 PagesImmersion Project 3- Couple of the Muslim Faith Lillian Reaves I had a pleasure of experiencing a unique interview with a couple. The interview was extremely rewarding, challenging and educational. In my interview, I encountered a couple in their mid-30s that had been dating for approximately four years. Dina and Rahim are the couple that I interviewed. Through this interview, I expanded my understanding on the cultural factors that have helped them shape their identity. The couple is of the MuslimRead MoreFamily : Family With Family Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesFamily Interview Family Therapy is a great way to open up and really get concerns and issues out in the open with families. The assignment was to have a non-clinical family interview, it was not like a therapy session, but it gave great insight of have a family session could go, it was a great experience. It allowed me to be the interviewer and ask questions about a family. It was a really interesting assignment. It consisted of selecting a family, asking questions, observing, and forming my thoughtsRead MoreWhy I Should Interview With My Parents1668 Words   |  7 PagesWhen deciding whom to interview for this paper relating back to the topics learned this semester it was clear I should interview my parents Marla and Mike due to there overwhelming experiences with the topics discussed this semester. Marla is forty-six and used to deliver babies therefor making her a full time working women, and Mike is forty seven and also has a full time job. Both were college educated, and grew up in what was kn own as the typical American family home. Many things were discussedRead MoreCouples therapy paper 3851468 Words   |  6 PagesEmotional Couples Therapy Shannon Grosshans BSHS/385 Interpersonal Communication and Interview Skills October 6, 2014 Instructor: YVETTE MORELON Emotional Couples Therapy This is a paper on a video named Emotional Focused Couples Therapy, it is about a couple that is talking to a counseling professional about issues they are having, the biggest one being the husbands anger. Throughout the videos you see how the professional uses the three stages in interviewing to support the couple. She alsoRead MoreHow Legal Constraints Affect Marriage And Family Formations1714 Words   |  7 PagesHomosexual Couples Anna Gonzales The University of North Florida Word Count: 4364 â€Å"I Would Rather Have a Traditional Wedding†: How Legal Constraints Effect Marriage and Family Formations in Lesbian and Homosexual Couples ABSTRACT Lesbian and homosexual couples, in many ways, have the same familial goals and expectations as heterosexual couples. The question is how they experience and navigate marriage and family formations. The data shows lesbian and homosexual couples differ fromRead MoreI Am A Child Of Parents Who Went Into The Entire World1398 Words   |  6 PagesIt used to be common to hear of a couple celebrating fifteen, twenty, even thirty years together. Now it is more likely to hear about a couple going their separate ways than to hear they made it to ten years in the relationship. This concept is something that I have thought about even before this class. I myself am a child of parents who went through a divorce, as well as having a failed relationship of less than ten years. It is difficult to find someone whom you feel you can both be yourself as

Collective Soul - Better Now free essay sample

I particularly enjoy listening to Collective Soul. They are a nice Clean band that talk about random things. I get sick of all the Romace songs, so it is nice that most of their songs, are not love related. Of course love is a wonderful thing, but It can get annoying to only listen to songs about love, and people breaking up. This Particular song: Better Now is one of my favorite Collective Soul songs. This song (and the cursed mix) have a great toon. It makes you fell good. You want to go out and be active. It is not a heavy song, so it doesnt boost your adrenaline, but it makes you fell happy. It is like an alternate adrenaline. In this song it has some creative word choices. One part of the song says, Oh Im happy as Christmas, All rapped to be seen. Although that is creative and clever, I think it sounds kinda lame, but maybe thats just me. We will write a custom essay sample on Collective Soul Better Now or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I am not saying that I dislike this song whatsoever, because I think that It is a great song, and you should listen to it.

Sharon Olds And William Shakespeare Essays - Sonnet 116, Sharon Olds

Sharon Olds And William Shakespeare From the Present to the Future through the Eyes of Love Plato once said, ?At the touch of love everyone becomes a poet.? What is Love? Love is ?an attraction based on sexual desires: affection and tenderness felt by lovers.? (Merriam ? Webster's Dictionary) We see a lot of love, marriage, broken-hearts, lust, and sex in today society but also in poetry we read by great authors. A poem such as Sharon Olds, ?Sex Without Love.? Also from the past that knew the meaning of love through his plays, poems, and especially from his sonnets, William Shakespeare, Sonnet 116 ?Let me not the marriage of true minds.? I will analyze each poem and sonnet and show my own point of view and show the similarities and differences. In Sharon Olds, ?Sex Without Love,? she passionately describes the author's disgust for casual sex. She vividly animates the immortality of lustful sex through her language variety. Olds' clever use of imagery makes this poem come to life. Her frequently uses of similes to make the audience imagine actual events. For example, Olds describes making love as ?Beautiful as dancers.? (Sharon Olds, Line #2) In this line, she questions how one can do such a beautiful act with a person whom one is not in love with. Olds also describes sex as ?gliding over each other like ice skaters over the ice.?(Sharon Olds, Line #3,4) She is referring to sex as a performance. Imagine an ice-skating performance, each ice skater is performing for judges and an audience to win an award. Olds uses this simile to relate people performing for one another. When two people truly are in love, there is no need for any special show or performance. Another simile the author uses is ?As wet as the children at birth wh ose mothers are going to give them away,? (Sharon Olds, Line #6,7,8) to simulate a sweaty lovemaking scene. The simile ?light rising slowly as steam off their joined skin? (Sharon Olds, Line #11,12,13) can also be used to perceive the same image of a hot, sweaty, and passionate love making scene. The author repeatedly questions how two people who are not in love can perform such a spiritual act. The simile ?As wet as the children at birth whose mothers are going to give them away,? can also be used to represent the outcome of lustful copulation. When two people engage in sexual activities, a large percent of the mothers choose to ignore the outcome and either abort or give their children up for adoption. Olds compares the lovers with ?great runners.? (Sharon Olds, Line #18) In this simile, she implies that lovers are alone with their own pleasures. Olds' questions this selfishness throughout the poem. How can two people be alone in pleasure, when sex is supposed to be both physicall y and emotionally shared between lovers? Olds uses hyperbole to describe her belief that sex and God are entwined. ?These are the true religions, the priest, the pros, the one who will not accept a false Messiah, love the priest instead of the God.? (Sharon Olds, Lines #13-17) In these lines she says that sex is more than pleasure, and if one is merely using sex for pleasure they are accepting a false God. She describes people as hypocrites who claim to love the lord, yet engage in immoral sex. In the lines, ?How do they come to the / come to the / come to the / God / come to the / still waters, and not love / the one who came there with them,? (Sharon Olds, Lines #8-11) Olds describes two people climaxing. The choice of words wet, come, still waters, and came add to the suggestion of this climax. Olds uses the sexual imagery to address her subject as well as to convey a sense of intimacy. Olds' perceives sex as spiritual, and wonders how people can bring a person with whom they are not in love with before God. Olds uses hyperbole to share her disgust of casual sex with her audience. Sharon Olds clearly despises people who engage in sex without being in love. She is able to emphasize her view in a

Aisha Rapant Essays - Lucy Grealy, Free Essays, Term Papers

Aisha Rapant Essays - Lucy Grealy, Free Essays, Term Papers Aisha Rapant Caputa English 101 31 October 2016 Standing Out It was only a few years ago in 2011, which I clearly remember how I felt my whole summer vacation. My mother and I took our fourth trip to Africa for about two months to visit our family. The people of Niger, West Africa have such different lifestyles, values, and representations on the world than many others are used to. It was so tough to wake up every day and accept that what they might seem different, is very common for myself. Lucy Grealy, in her essay Mirrorings , describes her journey of self-acceptance through the opinions and influences of society after being diagnosed with Cancer. Both the uncontrollable sickness of Grealy and the color of my skin had effects on our own self-esteem, thus being trapped in our surroundings opinions. Being on a completely different continent wasn't enough to commence the feeling of being judged. In a country warned with terrorism and violence, any tourist who passes by, not looking like one of their own, was given unwante d attention. However, my initial feeling was of confidence. Grealy states that she "was the only one walking about in the world" whom actually cared about and focused on what was "important", unlike the appearance of her deformed face (26). The whole point of my trip was to see my many uncles, aunts, cousins, and grandmother; that was my priority, not what I looked like. It was on the first night that we arrived which riled up the whole town. The talk of the town of light-skinned foreigners coming spread like a wildfire. By the crack of dawn, dozens of visitors had already came and went. Even little kids from the houses next to us and strangers were gathered right outside the old-fashioned hut, peering in at my mother and I. Half of them never even said hello. That made me extremely uncomfortable. The only reason I could think of them gawking at us like that was because of the color of my skin. Why would that even matter? However, I wasn't thinking like that. In her literature, Grealy writes, "On one level, I understood that the image of my face was merely that, an image, a surface that was not directly related to any true, deep definition of the self. But I also knew that it is only through appearances that we experience and make decisions about the everyday world" (29). My difference in race was enough to have them think I'm so much different. Most have never even seen, nor met another individual outside of their ethnicity, so I'm sure they had their reason to act so strange, as they though t I was. For a few days, I was terrified to leave our little room. I was afraid of the things the visitors would say. Indeed, I was right. A week or so in, I was starting to make trips into the weekly Good-Friday market. The day of the week in which thousands of consumers crowd the streets to buy spices, clothing, furniture, and newly imported meats from the capital. Going about the day, noticed passer-byers mumbling phrases under their breath as they walked on. Some of them, I recognized. They were racial slurs, derogatory comments, and just plain rude words. Similar to Grealy, she "receivednasty comments about [her] face" which "hurt and disoriented" her self-esteem (23). Something as simple as hailing a motorcycle taxi was surprisingly difficult, even though the town was jam-packed with them. The men would just lie and say they were off duty or pass us by, just to be seen picking up someone else down the street. It seemed the town was so uninviting. On one specific day, I remember being so frightened to venture out into the main part of town. I wanted to cover my body more than ever before. Being a predominantly Muslim region, I decided to try and fit in by purchasing a traditional hijab to wear. The combination of the headpiece and traditional clothing certainly put the harassment and let-downs to a minimum. Nothing seemed out of place from a quick glance of us foreigners. Serving as a temporary hiding place,

Pros and Cons of Teaching

Pros and Cons of Teaching Are you thinking about becoming a teacher? The truth is that it is not for everyone. It is a difficult profession which the majority of people on the planet are not capable of doing effectively.  There are many pros and cons of teaching. Like any profession, there are aspects that you will love and aspects which you will despise. If you are considering teaching as a career, carefully evaluate both sides of teaching. Make a decision based on how you will handle and respond to the negative aspects of teaching more so than the positive ones. The cons of teaching will be what lead to burnout, stress, and resentment, and you need to be able to deal with them effectively. Pros Affords you the opportunity to make a difference. A nation’s youth is our greatest resource. As a teacher, you are afforded the opportunity to be on the front lines, making a difference. Today’s young people will be tomorrow’s leaders. Teachers have the opportunity to have a profound influence on their students thus helping shape our future. Offers a friendly schedule. When compared to other careers, teaching does offer a particularly friendly schedule. You often have extended time off 2–3 times during the school year and three months during summer break. School is only in session from approximately 7:30 a.m.–3:30 p.m. each weekday allowing you evenings and weekends to do other things. Gives you the chance to collaborate with all kinds of people. Collaboration with students is, of course, your greatest focus. However, you will find that collaborating with parents, community members, and other teachers to help our students can also be rewarding. It truly takes an army, and when everyone is clicking on the same page, the students will reach their maximum learning potential. Is never boring. No two days are alike. No two classes are alike. No two students are alike. This creates challenges, but it ensures that teachers are always on their toes and never bored. There are so many individual variables in a classroom that you can be assured that even if you teach the same subject all day long, it will be somewhat different every time. Allows you to creatively share interests, knowledge, and passions with others. Teachers should be passionate about the content they teach. Great teachers teach their content with enthusiasm and passion that motivates their students. They engage students in creative lessons that spark self-interest and the desire to learn more about a particular topic.  Teaching provides you with a great platform for sharing your passions with others. Provides continuous opportunity for professional growth and learning. No teacher has ever maximized their potential. There is always more to learn. As a teacher, you will always be learning. You should never be satisfied with where you are. There is always something better available. It is your job to find it, learn it, and apply it to your classroom. Allows you to create a bond with students that can last a lifetime. Your students must always be your number one priority. Over the course of 180 days each year, you build bonds with your students that can last a lifetime. You have the opportunity to become a trusted role model that they can depend on. Good teachers encourage their students and build them up while providing them with the content they need to succeed. Provides solid benefits such as health insurance and a retirement plan. Having health insurance and a respectable retirement plan is a perk of being a teacher. Not every career offers either or both of those things. Having them provides you with  peace of mind should a health issue arise and as you get closer to retirement. Has a flexible job market. Teachers are a necessary part of our society. The job will always be there. There can be a lot of competition for a single position, but if you are not limited to a particular area it is relatively easy to find a teaching job virtually anywhere in the country. Can allow you to be closer to your children. Teachers work the same hours that their children are in school. Many teach in the same building their children attend. Some even receive the opportunity to teach their own kids. These provide tremendous opportunities to bond with your children. Cons Is not the most glamorous job. Teachers are undervalued and underappreciated by many people in our society. There is a perception that teachers complain too much and only become teachers because they cannot do anything else. There is a negative stigma associated with the profession that is unlikely to go away anytime soon. Will never make you wealthy. Teaching will not make you wealthy. Teachers are underpaid. You should not get into this profession if money matters to you. Most teachers now work summers and/or take a part-time job in the evenings to supplement their teaching income. It is a startling reality when many states offer first-year teacher salaries that are below their state’s poverty level. Is terribly trendy. Best practices in education change like the wind.  Some trends are good, and some are bad. They are often ushered in then out in a constant revolving door. It can be particularly frustrating to invest a lot of time in learning and implementing new things, only to have new research come out to say it does not work. Is being overtaken by standardized testing. The emphasis on standardized testing has changed over the last ten years. Teachers are increasingly judged and evaluated on the test scores of their students. If your students score well, you are a great teacher. If they fail, you are doing a terrible job and need to be terminated. That one test day is more valuable than the other 179. Is even more difficult when you do not have parental support. Parents can make or break a teacher. The best parents are supportive and engaged in their child’s education making your job easier. Unfortunately, those parents seem like the minority these days. Many parents only show up to complain about the job you are doing, are not supportive, and do not have a clue about what is actually going on with their child. Is often displaced by classroom management. The demand for classroom management and student discipline can be overwhelming at times. You cannot want nor need every student to like you, or they will take advantage of you. Instead, you must demand and give respect. Give your students an inch and they will take a mile. If you cannot handle disciplining a student, then teaching is not the right field for you. Is too political. Politics plays a key role in every level of education including the local, state, and federal levels. Money is the primary cog in the majority of political decisions concerning education. Politicians continuously push mandates on schools and teachers without truly seeking input from educators themselves. They often fail to look at the potential impact of a mandate 5–10 years down the road. Can be extremely frustrating and stressful. Every job comes with some level of stress and teaching is no different. Students, parents, administrators, and other teachers all contribute to this stress. Those 180 days go by extremely quick, and teachers have a lot to get done during that time. Distractions deter progress almost daily. In the end, a teacher has to figure out how to get results or they will not keep their job for long. Involves a lot of paperwork. Grading is time-consuming, monotonous, and boring. It is a necessary part of teaching that virtually no one enjoys.  Lesson planning also takes up a lot of time. Teachers also have to complete paperwork for absences, classroom level reporting, and discipline referrals. Each of these is necessary, but no teacher got into the field because of the paperwork. Requires more time than you think. The schedule may be friendly, but it does not mean that teachers only work when school is in session. Many teachers arrive early, stay late, and also spend time on the weekends working in their classroom. Even when they are home, they spend quite a bit of time grading papers, preparing for the next day, etc. They may have summers off, but most use at least a portion of that time at voluntary professional development workshops.

Information Security Program Survey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Information Security Program Survey - Essay Example Since the NASA needs to manage highly sensitive data, information, strategic plans, and space programs, the organization pays particular attention to its information security program. This paper will analyze NASA’s information security program focusing on aspects like strategic fit, breadth and coverage, program deficiencies or implementation issues, and stated costs and benefits. NASA Information Security Program The NASA IT Security (ITS) Division operations under the control the Chief Information Officer to manage security projects and thereby to mitigate vulnerabilities, improve obstacles to cross-center collaboration, and to provide cost effective IT security services for supporting the agency’s systems and e-Gov initiatives. The ITS Division works to ensure that IT security across the organization meets integrity and confidentiality to enhance disaster recovery and continuity of operations. â€Å"The ITS Division develops and maintains an information security pro gram that ensures consistent security policy, indentifies and implements risk-based security controls, and tracks security metrics to gauge compliance and effectiveness† (IT Security Division). This Division also performs periodical audits and reviews to make certain that security policies and procedures meet accepted standards. It is clear that NASA extensively relies on information systems and networks to manage its activities such as scientific discovery, aeronautics research, and space exploration. Since many of these information systems and networks are interconnected using internet, they are more likely to be threatened by cyber attacks from different sources. While analyzing the strategic fit of the NASA’s information security program, it seems that the program cannot well support the organization’s goals and objectives due to several security pitfalls. Although the organization has achieved significant advancements in information security program manageme nt and security control implementation, it is still vulnerable to cyber attacks. According to the GAO report, NASA has not always implemented proper control measures to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of its systems and networks that support the organization’s mission directorates. As a result, the organization often fails to sufficiently prevent, restrict, and detect unauthorized access to its systems and networks (GAO). The major pitfall of the NASA’s information security program is that it has not been consistent in identifying and authenticating users and limiting user access to its key systems and networks. The organization cannot effectively encrypt its network services and data and often fails to protect its network boundaries. It is alarming to note that the organization has even failed to protect its information technology resources physically. In addition, shortcomings in the auditing and monitoring of computer-related events also contributed to the organization’s information security inefficiency. The organization also faces challenges in effectively segregating incompatible duties and managing system configurations. The key reason for those inefficiencies in NASA’s information security program is that the organization is yet to implement some key activities to make certain that control measure are appropriately developed and functioning efficiently. The organization does not give specific focus to complete assessment of information secur

Silt recycling companies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Silt recycling companies - Research Paper Example Volkmar, et al, (2005:43) noted that silt is formed from various weathering processes that result to the breakdown of weakened sand quartz crystals structures. In addition, sludge consists of substantial amounts of silt. There are various weathering processes involved in the breakdown of these crystals including chemical, biological and physical weathering processes. However, physical weathering is the most prevalent method of silt formation that occurs in artificial processes such as building, transport, grinding and construction, (Volkmar, et al, 2005: 59). Similarly, substantial amount of silt is formed from glacial movements and in deserts or semi arid regions (Agathos and Walter, 2005: 28). Importance of silt recycling Silt recycling is an important economic and environmental practice and many companies are currently engaged in the business. Silt is normally transported and deposited in water bodies such as lakes, dams, and rivers. According to Balata, Piazzi, and Benedetti (200 7:79), soil erosion especially in rural areas and construction industry in urban areas causes massive transportation of silt into water bodies. When the sediments are retained in the water bodies, they reduce the volume of water that could be stored in the water body and this causes diverse environmental, social, and economic problems. These include reduced capacity of producing hydroelectric power, flooding and lack of enough water to sustain the surrounding communities (Benbi, and Nieder, 2008: 43). In pastoral communities especially in dry areas, De’ Haas, et al (2005) noted that siltation in dams is one of the major cause of conflict. In addition, siltation in dams increases the cost of maintenance and water treatment. Consequently, water supply, fisheries and tourism are adversely affected. Moreover, silt deposits forms one of the most fertile regions for crop cultivation and some regions along major rivers such as river Nile and Mississippi are some of most important fo od producing parts in the world (Cerling, James, and Denise (2005). In this respect, silt recycling is important in order to enhance its economic importance and minimize the adverse environmental impacts. Many companies are currently engaged in silt recycling business because of environmental and economic reasons. Silt recycling provides an effective way of improving the health of agricultural soils and at the same time enhancing the capacity of water storage bodies. According to Benbi and Nieder, (2008: 38), the interactions between lands, water and human beings are highest in water bodies such as dams and the resulting sediments provides very high agricultural and ecological potentials. Because of the discovered potential, companies are increasingly recycling silt to improve agricultural capacity of soils, while at the same time enhancing the capacity of the water bodies to store water and serve their ecological and environmental functions. In addition, silt recycling provides com panies with the opportunity of reducing the environmental impact of the silt especially in regions where the soils has been contaminated by harmful chemicals and heavy metals (Sutherland, and Meyer, 2007: 91). In construction industry, silt is produced in large quantities and it presents serious storage and transportation problem. In such circumstances, silt-recycling companies in the construction industry make sand and coarse aggregates from silts and fines that are used in other

Soft Drinks Essay Example for Free

Soft Drinks Essay Soft drink consumption has increased substantially over the last 50 years and it has been established that using large amounts of soft drinks regularly can be detrimental to your health. If used in moderation soft drinks can have some beneficial effects on your body. Caffeine Benefits Caffeine is a stimulant that is found in soft drinks. It large amounts can have detrimental effects on your health but it also has numerous benefits. Caffeine stimulates your central nervous system, helps breakdown fatty acids in your liver, boost your mood and alleviate headaches. People who regularly ingest caffeine are less likely to develop Parkinsons disease, colon cancer, gallstones, and cirrhosis of the liver. Sponsored Links 5 Foods you must not eat: Cut down a bit of stomach fat every day by never eating these 5 foods. Trimdownclub. com Carbonated Water Carbonated water is a primary ingredient of soft drinks. Carbonated water was created by Joseph Priestly in the year 1767 and has since proven to have many benefits for the gastrointestinal tract. Carbonated water eases stomachaches, quells nausea and has been proven to alleviate constipation. Sodium Benefits Sodium is another product found in soft drinks. Sodium is an important mineral found in almost all natural foods. Sodium helps your body retain water, helps avoid and treat muscle cramps, keeps electrolyte balance, prevents the effects of aging of your skin and prevents your the drop of your blood pressure. Sponsored Links Read more: http://www. livestrong. com/article/260283-what-are-the-benefits-of-soft-drinks.

Sears and the dishwasher industry :: essays research papers

Where should Sears source the dishwashers from? Sears is the giant leading broad line retailer providing merchandise and related services. In keeping with its sourcing philosophy, Sears generally prefers to work with one, rather than multiple suppliers. When the supplier does not offer a specific type of appliance, Sears would source it somewhere else. Sears’ objective is to share as much as possible of the production and assembly process with the suppliers’ products. Based on the readings one important component of Sears’ sourcing strategy is to ensure that its suppliers have stable top management over a long term. Sears sources its dishwashers from D&M, because of D&M’s cost position. They would not find elsewhere the quality and the price that D&M offers. Sears itself designs the dishwashers based on the customer’s preferences and provides them the best quality with the best price named Kenmore. GE is the toughest competitor to Sears as well as to D&M and considering sourcing from GE would not be feasible, because GE’s policy is that GE product would carry GE name. Now GE is a customer of Sears that in the same time competes with Kenmore’s products. Another souring possibility could have been Whirlpool which like GE uses its name for its products, but for Sears it would not make economic sense to go towards that direction. After Sears, GE, and Whirlpool, there really is no full-line name in the market of any significance. Sears as well as the customers are content with D&M’s products, but one important issue could be if D&M will keep up with its R&D in order to continue competing with GE as well as with Whirlpool. After all these years it will be very difficult for Sears to pull back from D&M and go after another supplier.

Advances in Data Storage Technology

Advances in Data Storage Technology Contents I. Introduction3 II. Purpose of storage4 III. Hierarchy of storage6 A. Primary storage6 B. Secondary storage7 C. Tertiary storage7 D. Off-line storage8 IV. Characteristics of storage9 A. Volatility9 B. Mutability9 C. Accessibility10 D. Addressability10 E. Capacity11 F. Performance11 G. Energy use11 V. Fundamental storage technologies12 A. Semiconductor12 B. Magnetic12 C. Optical13 D. Paper14 E. Uncommon14 VI. Related technologies17 A. Network connectivity17 B. Robotic storage17 References19 I. INTRODUCTIONComputer data storage, often called storage or memory, refers to computer components and recording media that retain digital data used for computing for some interval of time. Computer data storage provides one of the core functions of the modern computer, that of information retention. It is one of the fundamental components of all modern computers, and coupled with a central processing unit (CPU, a processor), implements the basic compu ter model used since the 1940s. In contemporary usage, memory usually refers to a form of semiconductor storage known as random-access memory (RAM) and sometimes other forms of fast but temporary storage.Similarly, storage today more commonly refers to mass storage — optical discs, forms of magnetic storage like hard disk drives, and other types slower than RAM, but of a more permanent nature. Historically, memory and storage were respectively called main memory and secondary storage (or auxiliary storage). Auxiliary storage (or auxiliary memory units) was also used to represent memory which was not directly accessible by the CPU (secondary or tertiary storage). The terms internal memory and external memory are also used. II. Purpose of storageMany different forms of storage, based on various natural phenomena, have been invented. So far, no practical universal storage medium exists, and all forms of storage have some drawbacks. Therefore a computer system usually contains se veral kinds of storage, each with an individual purpose. A digital computer represents data using the binary numeral system. Text, numbers, pictures, audio, and nearly any other form of information can be converted into a string of bits, or binary digits, each of which has a value of 1 or 0. The most common unit of storage is the byte, equal to 8 bits.A piece of information can be handled by any computer whose storage space is large enough to accommodate the binary representation of the piece of information, or simply data. For example, using eight million bits, or about one megabyte, a typical computer could store a short novel. Traditionally the most important part of every computer is the central processing unit (CPU, or simply a processor), because it actually operates on data, performs any calculations, and controls all the other components. Without a significant amount of memory, a computer would merely be able to perform fixed operations and immediately output the result.It w ould have to be reconfigured to change its behavior. This is acceptable for devices such as desk calculators or simple digital signal processors. Von Neumann machines differ in that they have a memory in which they store their operating instructions and data. Such computers are more versatile in that they do not need to have their hardware reconfigured for each new program, but can simply be reprogrammed with new in-memory instructions; they also tend to be simpler to design, in that a relatively simple processor may keep state between successive computations to build up complex procedural results.Most modern computers are von Neumann machines. In practice, almost all computers use a variety of memory types, organized in a storage hierarchy around the CPU, as a trade-off between performance and cost. Generally, the lower a storage is in the hierarchy, the lesser its bandwidth and the greater its access latency is from the CPU. This traditional division of storage to primary, seconda ry, tertiary and off-line storage is also guided by cost per bit. III. Hierarchy of storage A. Primary storage: Primary storage (or main memory or internal memory), often referred to simply as memory, is the only one directly accessible to the CPU.The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them as required. Any data actively operated on is also stored there in uniform manner. Historically, early computers used delay lines, Williams’s tubes, or rotating magnetic drums as primary storage. By 1954, those unreliable methods were mostly replaced by magnetic core memory. Core memory remained dominant until the 1970s, when advances in integrated circuit technology allowed semiconductor memory to become economically competitive. This led to modern random-access memory (RAM).It is small-sized, light, but quite expensive at the same time. (The particular types of RAM used for primary storage are also volatile, i. e. they lose the information when not powered). As the RAM types used for primary storage are volatile (cleared at start up), a computer containing only such storage would not have a source to read instructions from, in order to start the computer. Hence, non-volatile primary storage containing a small startup program (BIOS) is used to bootstrap the computer, that is, to read a larger program from non-volatile secondary storage to RAM and start to execute it.A non-volatile technology used for this purpose is called ROM (Read-only memory). Recently, primary storage and secondary storage in some uses refer to what was historically called, respectively, secondary storage and tertiary storage. B. Secondary storage: Secondary storage (or external memory) differs from primary storage in that it is not directly accessible by the CPU. The computer usually uses its input/output channels to access secondary storage and transfers the desired data using intermediate area in primary storage. Secondary storage does not lose the data when the dev ice is powered down—it is non-volatile.Consequently, modern computer systems typically have two orders of magnitude more secondary storage than primary storage and data is kept for a longer time there. In modern computers, hard disk drives are usually used as secondary storage. Rotating optical storage devices, such as CD and DVD drives, have longer access times. Some other examples of secondary storage technologies are: flash memory (e. g. USB flash drives or keys), floppy disks, magnetic tape, paper tape, punched cards, standalone RAM disks, and Iomega Zip drives. C. Tertiary storage: Tertiary storage or tertiary memory provides a third level of storage.Typically it involves a robotic mechanism which will mount (insert) and dismount removable mass storage media into storage device according to the system's demands; this data is often copied to secondary storage before use. It is primarily used for archival of rarely accessed information since it is much slower than secondar y storage (e. g. 5–60 seconds vs. 1-10 milliseconds). This is primarily useful for extraordinarily large data stores, accessed without human operators. Typical examples include tape libraries and optical jukeboxes. D. Off-line storage:Off-line storage is computer data storage on a medium or a device that is not under the control of a processing unit. The medium is recorded, usually in a secondary or tertiary storage device, and then physically removed or disconnected. It must be inserted or connected by a human operator before a computer can access it again. Unlike tertiary storage, it cannot be accessed without human interaction. In modern personal computers, most secondary and tertiary storage media are also used for off-line storage. Optical discs and flash memory devices are most popular, and to much lesser extent removable hard disk drives.In enterprise uses, magnetic tape is predominant. Older examples are floppy disks, Zip disks, or punched cards. IV. Characteristics o f storage Storage technologies at all levels of the storage hierarchy can be differentiated by evaluating certain core characteristics as well as measuring characteristics specific to a particular implementation. These core characteristics are volatility, mutability, accessibility, and addressability. For any particular implementation of any storage technology, the characteristics worth measuring are capacity and performance. A. Volatility:Non-volatile memory will retain the stored information even if it is not constantly supplied with electric power. It is suitable for long-term storage of information. Nowadays used for most of secondary, tertiary, and off-line storage. In 1950s and 1960s, it was also used for primary storage, in the form of magnetic core memory. Volatile memory requires constant power to maintain the stored information. The fastest memory technologies of today are volatile ones (not a universal rule). Since primary storage is required to be very fast, it predomina ntly uses volatile memory.B. Mutability: Read/write storage or mutable storage allows information to be overwritten at any time. A computer without some amount of read/write storage for primary storage purposes would be useless for many tasks. Modern computers typically use read/write storage also for secondary storage. Read only storage retains the information stored at the time of manufacture, and write once storage (Write Once Read Many) allows the information to be written only once at some point after manufacture. These are called immutable storage.Immutable storage is used for tertiary and off-line storage. Examples include CD-ROM and CD-R. C. Accessibility: Random access any location in storage can be accessed at any moment in approximately the same amount of time. Such characteristic is well suited for primary and secondary storage. Sequential access the accessing of pieces of information will be in a serial order, one after the other; therefore the time to access a particul ar piece of information depends upon which piece of information was last accessed. Such characteristic is typical of off-line storage. D. Addressability:Location-addressable each individually accessible unit of information in storage is selected with its numerical memory address. In modern computers, location-addressable storage usually limits to primary storage, accessed internally by computer programs, since location-addressability is very efficient, but burdensome for humans. The underlying device is still location-addressable, but the operating system of a computer provides the file system abstraction to make the operation more understandable. In modern computers, secondary, tertiary and off-line storage use file systems. E.Capacity: Raw capacity the total amount of stored information that a storage device or medium can hold. It is expressed as a quantity of bits or bytes (e. g. 10. 4 megabytes). Memory storage density the compactness of stored information. It is the storage cap acity of a medium divided with a unit of length, area or volume (e. g. 1. 2 megabytes per square inch). F. Performance: Latency the time it takes to access a particular location in storage. The relevant unit of measurement is typically nanosecond for primary storage, millisecond for secondary storage, and second for tertiary storage.It may make sense to separate read latency and write latency, and in case of sequential access storage, minimum, maximum and average latency. G. Energy use: Storage devices that reduce fan usage, automatically shut-down during inactivity, and low power hard drives can reduce energy consumption 90 percent. 2. 5 inch hard disk drives often consume less power than larger ones. Low capacity solid-state drives have no moving parts and consume less power than hard disks. Also, memory may use more power than hard disks. V. Fundamental storage technologiesAs of 2008, the most commonly used data storage technologies are semiconductor, magnetic, and optical, while paper still sees some limited usage. Some other fundamental storage technologies have also been used in the past or are proposed for development. A. Semiconductor: Semiconductor memory uses semiconductor-based integrated circuits to store information. A semiconductor memory chip may contain millions of tiny transistors or capacitors. Volatile and non-volatile forms of semiconductor memory exist. In modern computers, primary storage almost exclusively consists of dynamic volatile semiconductor memory or dynamic random access memory.Since the turn of the century, a type of non-volatile semiconductor memory known as flash memory has steadily gained share as off-line storage for home computers. Non-volatile semiconductor memory is also used for secondary storage in various advanced electronic devices and specialized computers. B. Magnetic: Magnetic storage uses different patterns of magnetization on a magnetically coated surface to store information. Magnetic storage is non-volatile. T he information is accessed using one or more read/write heads which may contain one or more recording transducers.A read/write head only covers a part of the surface so that the head or medium or both must be moved relative to another in order to access data. In modern computers, magnetic storage will take these forms:  ¦ Magnetic disk  ¦ Floppy disk, used for off-line storage  ¦ Hard disk drive, used for secondary storage  ¦ Magnetic tape data storage, used for tertiary and off-line storage In early computers, magnetic storage was also used for primary storage in a form of magnetic drum, or core memory, core rope memory, thin-film memory, twister memory or bubble memory.Also unlike today, magnetic tape was often used for secondary storage. C. Optical: Optical storage, the typical optical disc, stores information in deformities on the surface of a circular disc and reads this information by illuminating the surface with a laser diode and observing the reflection. Optical dis c storage is non-volatile. The deformities may be permanent (read only media), formed once (write once media) or reversible (recordable or read/write media). The following forms are currently in common use. CD, CD-ROM, DVD, BD-ROM: Read only storage, used for mass distribution of digital information (music, video, computer programs)  ¦ CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, BD-R: Write once storage, used for tertiary and off-line storage  ¦ CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, BD-RE: Slow write, fast read storage, used for tertiary and off-line storage  ¦ Ultra Density Optical or UDO is similar in capacity to BD-R or BD-RE and is slow write, fast read storage used for tertiary and off-line storage Magneto-optical disc storage is optical disc storage where the magnetic state on a ferromagnetic surface stores information.The information is read optically and written by combining magnetic and optical methods. Magneto-optical disc storage is non-volatile, sequential access, slow write, fast read storage used for tertiary and off-line storage. D. Paper: Paper data storage, typically in the form of paper tape or punched cards, has long been used to store information for automatic processing, particularly before general-purpose computers existed. Information was recorded by punching holes into the paper or cardboard medium and was read mechanically (or later optically) to determine whether a particular location on the medium was solid or contained a hole.A few technologies allow people to make marks on paper that are easily read by machine—these are widely used for tabulating votes and grading standardized tests. Barcodes made it possible for any object that was to be sold or transported to have some computer readable information securely attached to it. E. Uncommon: Vacuum tube memory, a William’s tube used a cathode ray tube, and a Selectron tube used a large vacuum tube to store information. These primary storage devices were short-lived in the market, since Williams tube was unreliable and Selectron tube was expensive.Electro-acoustic memory also known as delay line memory used sound waves in a substance such as mercury to store information. Delay line memory was dynamic volatile, cycle sequential read/write storage, and was used for primary storage. Optical tape is a medium for optical storage generally consisting of a long and narrow strip of plastic onto which patterns can be written and from which the patterns can be read back. It shares some technologies with cinema film stock and optical discs, but is compatible with neither.The motivation behind developing this technology was the possibility of far greater storage capacities than either magnetic tape or optical discs. Phase-change memory uses different mechanical phases of Phase Change Material to store information in an X-Y addressable matrix, and reads the information by observing the varying electrical resistance of the material. Phase-change memory would be non-volatile, random acces s read/write storage, and might be used for primary, secondary and off-line storage. Most rewritable and many write once optical disks already use phase change material to store information.Holographic data storage stores information optically inside crystals or photopolymers. Holographic storage can utilize the whole volume of the storage medium, unlike optical disc storage which is limited to a small number of surface layers. Holographic storage would be non-volatile, sequential access, and either write once or read/write storage. It might be used for secondary and off-line storage. See Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD). Molecular memory stores information in polymer that can store electric charge. Molecular memory might be especially suited for primary storage.The theoretical storage capacity of molecular memory is 10 terabits per square inch. Data storage tag (DST), also sometimes known as an archival tag is a data logger that uses sensors to record data at predetermined interval s. Data storage tags usually have a large memory size and a long lifetime. Most archival tags are supported by batteries that allow the tag to record positions for several years. Alternatively some tags are solar powered and allow the scientist to set their own interval; this then allows data to be recorded for significantly longer than battery-only powered tags.Information repository is an easy way to deploy secondary tier of data storage that can comprise multiple, networked data storage technologies running on diverse operating systems, where data that no longer needs to be in primary storage is protected, classified according to captured metadata, processed, de-duplicated, and then purged, automatically, based on data service level objectives and requirements. In information repositories, data storage resources are virtualized as composite storage sets and operate as a federated environment.Information repositories were developed to mitigate problems arising from data proliferat ion and eliminate the need for separately deployed data storage solutions because of the concurrent deployment of diverse storage technologies running diverse operating systems. They feature centralized management for all deployed data storage resources. They are self-contained, support heterogeneous storage resources, support resource management to add, maintain, recycle, and terminate media, track of off-line media, and operate autonomously. VI. Related technologies A. Network connectivity:A secondary or tertiary storage may connect to a computer utilizing computer networks. This concept does not pertain to the primary storage, which is shared between multiple processors in a much lesser degree. Direct-attached storage (DAS) is a traditional mass storage that does not use any network. This is still a most popular approach. This term was coined lately, together with NAS and SAN. Network-attached storage (NAS) is mass storage attached to a computer which another computer can access at file level over a local area network, a private wide area network, or in the case of online file storage, over the Internet.NAS is commonly associated with the NFS and CIFS/SMB protocols. Storage area network (SAN) is a specialized network that provides other computers with storage capacity. The crucial difference between NAS and SAN is the former presents and manages file systems to client computers, whilst the latter provides access at block-addressing (raw) level, leaving it to attaching systems to manage data or file systems within the provided capacity. SAN is commonly associated with Fiber Channel networks. B. Robotic storage:Large quantities of individual magnetic tapes and optical or magneto-optical discs may be stored in robotic tertiary storage devices. In tape storage field they are known as tape libraries, and in optical storage field optical jukeboxes, or optical disk libraries per analogy. Smallest forms of either technology containing just one drive device are refe rred to as autoloaders or auto changers. Robotic-access storage devices may have a number of slots, each holding individual media, and usually one or more picking robots that traverse the slots and load media to built-in drives. The arrangement of the slots and picking devices affects erformance.Important characteristics of such storage are possible expansion options: adding slots, modules, drives, robots. Tape libraries may have from 10 to more than 100,000 slots, and provide terabytes or petabytes of near-line information. Optical jukeboxes are somewhat smaller solutions, up to 1,000 slots. Robotic storage is used for backups, and for high-capacity archives in imaging, medical, and video industries. Hierarchical storage management is a most known archiving strategy of automatically migrating long-unused files from fast hard disk storage to libraries or jukeboxes. If the files are needed, they are retrieved back to disk.References J. S. Vitter, Algorithms and Data Structures for Ex ternal Memory. Series on Foundations and Trends in Theoretical Computer Science, now Publishers, Hanover, MA, 2008, ISBN 978-1-60198-106-6. National Communications System (1996). Federal Standard 1037C – Telecommunications: Glossary of Telecommunication Terms. Super Talent's 2. 5†³ IDE Flash hard drive – The Tech Report – Page 13. (http://techreport. com/articles. x/10334/13)

Coffee and Tea Essay

Coffee and tea have existed in the world for a long time. Hundreds of years ago, people who lived in South America started to produce coffee, but the earliest drink likes coffee was made by ancient Arabian. They thought it was a kind of medicine used for stomach. After the 15th century, coffee was spread to other countries such as Egypt and Ottoman Empire by Muslims who were back from Hajj, while in ancient China, Chinese people started to make tea about 3000 years ago. Because of nice environment and weather, the first part of tea plants was discovered in southwest China. After, drink tea became an important culture of Chinese people, and tea began to spread into countries near China. Coffee and tea are similar, but different in some specific area. First, coffee and tea are similar but different in population. People from all around the world like them. For example, British people used to drink a cup of tea with some snacks when they have a rest in the afternoon. Western people enjoy drinking black tea, and some of them mix it with milk to make milky tea. Likewise, most people like drinking coffee, for it often tastes good. In China, more and more people began to drink coffee, and some of whom want to taste better coffee like blue mountain coffee. However, although these two drinks are both popular around the world, coffee is still drunk most by western people, while the most quantity of tea is used in East Asia. People lived in China, Japan, and Korea regarded tea as the main drink. Second, coffee and tea are similar but different in function. Both coffee and tea can refresh people because there is a kind of chemical matter, which is caffeine in both of them. This chemical matter can be used for nerves to make a person feel awake and lively. Also, some experts said that black coffee and green tea can help a person lose weight. But, in contrast, tea has some more functions due to another kind of chemical matter which can’t be found in coffee. This chemical matter that named tea polyphenol whose ability is to relieve the effect that is made by poison. Finally, coffee and tea have similarity and difference in origination. Both of them are made from plants. Thousands of years ago, people lived in Africa planted coffee trees in succeed, and now, Brazil has the most coffee trees in the world. In south of China, there are a lot of terraced fields that grow tea trees. On the other hand, people use leaves from tea to make tea, while they use fruits from coffee plants to make coffee. To sum up, coffee and tea are similar in their population, function, and origination, while they are different of their use in different place, their different chemical matter, and their different material. I suggest that people should drink both coffee and tea so that they can be healthier.

Red Rock West by John Dahl Essays

Red Rock West by John Dahl Essays Red Rock West by John Dahl Essay Red Rock West by John Dahl Essay Red Rock West by John Dahl begins with an opening musical soundtrack which creates a western atmosphere and this is further introduced by a twanging guitar refrain which adds a melancholy texture. It immediately casts a traditional feel about the film enhancing the western culture. The early shots that are exposed of the dusty road introduces isolation and an atmospheric effect. Additionally the landscape that is publicized is desert like and also dusty which then signifies the western theme and the sensation of desolation and barrenness. It then later exhibit’s the plate of the white Cadillac to expose that it had been travelling from Texas. The use of clever establishing shots reveals that no one else is around and the sign which is revealed reads ’Wyoming’. This sets the location perfectly. As the character steps out of his Cadillac he does press-ups in the road which gives the impression that he is very keen on fitness and being in shape but furthermore he ta kes very deep pride in his appearance as a person. This is uncovered aswell when he takes a shave and using the car as a mirror. The character seems to have a support cast on his knee which uncovers an injury. Additional evidence for this is the tattoo on his upper arm which is the symbol of being in the Military Marines. This strongly plays a key part of narrative and portrays a lot more about his past. The injury that was introduced could play an important part to revealing more about him as a person and his past experiences. He later on takes a freshly white pressed shirt out of the back of his white Cadillac which introduces Binary opposition. The same colour from both of those items could indicate the good of the character and this could be significant. He then later goes to the oil works for a job as he doesn’t have much money to carry on his journey in his Cadillac. As it was revealed from before he has travelled from Texas so this job could mean a fresh start ,a chance to start again and he maybe wanted to get away from his past from the marines which could bring back memories of the events that took place. He introduces himself as Michael at his job interview. During the interview Michael proves to be very honest and exposes about his injury on his leg. Later on as the firm doesn’t want him because of his injury he is sent away and his friend offers him money. Michael refuses the money from his friend which indicates him to be a very independent man which is too proud to show a sign of weakness. The sequence at the gas station following after the job interview we learn a lot more about Michael as a person and the location. Again the location created is dusty and shabby which provides the evidence of an deserted loc ation which firmly indicates powerful isolation. Michael looks around the gas station as no one is there and he sees money which is just lying around and also the gas unattended. He indicates at one point as thought he might just take the money and some gas and just take off but instead he doesn’t. We now know that Michael as a character is very honest even though his appearance and actions may not suggest this. Shortly after he travels through the location of Red Rock West Michael ends up at a local bar which seems to be very vacant. The mood that is present has a sense of uneasiness about the place. Another character is introduced which is the owner of the bar called Wayne. The impression of Wayne is that he’s a person that to be messed with. He is highlighted in dark shadows which could suggest the sense of evil in this character. As an audience we get a feeling as though something isn’t right and further more we have evidence which indicates this. Michael gets mistaken for ‘Lyal’. A man that was sent for him to murder his wife. As he keeps getting eluded of jobs because of his injury he then decides to take up Wayne on his offer and takes the money. Here we see the good use of power play between the interaction of these two feisty characters. But also a sign from Michael could portray that he is desperate and will do anything for money which could lead to another side of his character. Overall I thought this film was very creative and that the plot of the film kept you guessing. It was very fast moving and suspenseful also the humour was very nicely understated. I thought that Nicholas Cage who played Michael as the character who bumbles into a murderous plot by accident only wanting to earn a buck and leave but never being able to get away from the town was played brilliantly.

Geophagy (Eating Dirt) - A Traditional Practice

Geophagy (Eating Dirt) - A Traditional Practice People around the world eat clay, dirt or other pieces of the lithosphere for a variety of reasons. Commonly, it is a traditional cultural activity which takes place during pregnancy, religious ceremonies, or as a remedy for disease. Most people who eat dirt live in Central Africa and the Southern United States. While it is a cultural practice, it also fills a physiological need for nutrients. African Geophagy In Africa, pregnant and lactating women are able to satisfy the very different nutritional needs of their bodies by eating clay. Often, the clay comes from favored clay pits and it is sold at market in a variety of sizes and with differing content of minerals. After purchase, the clays are stored in a belt-like cloth around the waist and eaten as desired and often without water. The cravings in pregnancy for a varied nutritional intake (during pregnancy, the body requires 20% more nutrients and 50% more during lactation) are solved by geophagy. The clay commonly ingested in Africa contains important nutrients such as  phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, copper, zinc, manganese, and iron. Spread to the U.S. The tradition of geophagy spread from Africa to the United States with slavery. A 1942 survey in Mississippi showed that at least 25 percent of the schoolchildren habitually ate earth. Adults, although not systematically surveyed, also consumed earth. A number of reasons were given: earth is good for you; it helps pregnant women; it tastes good; it is sour like a lemon; it tastes better if smoked in the chimney, and so on.* Unfortunately, many African-Americans who practice geophagy (or quasi-geophagy) are eating unhealthy material such as laundry starch, ashes, chalk and lead-paint chips because of psychological need. These materials have no nutritional benefits and can lead to intestinal problems and disease. The eating of inappropriate objects and material is known as pica. There are good sites for nutritional clay in the southern United States and sometimes family and friends will send care packages of good earth to expectant mothers in the north. Other Americans, such as the indigenous Pomo of Northern California used dirt in their diet they mixed it with ground acorn which neutralized the acid. * Hunter, John M. Geophagy in Africa and in the United States: A Culture-Nutrition Hypothesis. Geographical Review April 1973: 170-195. (Page 192)

Government Policies Influence On International Business Essay

Government Policies Influence On International Business - Essay Example The government views Free Trade Agreements as an effective way of opening up foreign markets to the exporters of the U.S. Policymakers and economists believe that Free Trade Agreements will not only reduce trade barriers to U.S.A’s exports but also serve to protect the country’s interests in the Free Trade Agreement partner country. The further reduction of barriers to trade and the subsequent creation of a transparent and stable investment and trading environment eases the cost burden of U.S companies to export products and services to trading partners. Free Trade comes with the following advantages to the U.S: †¢ Spreading the value of freedom.†¢ Reinforcing the very fundamental rule of law.†¢ Facilitating economic development in some of the developing countries in the world such as Colombia (Villareal, 2014).The promotion of innovation and competition in businesses in the U.S in the past decade is probably the greatest benefit of the Free Trade policy to the country. On the other hand, the dumping problem created by the same Free Trade Agreements is the worst of difficulties that local producers face. Advantage of Free Trade: Promotion of competition and innovation Currently, very few people in America earn a living from subsistence agriculture and local trade as that would be too costly in terms of financial costs and the time spent. Americans today can access most of the items that they need such as food and clothes on the open market with ease.

Evaluation of Save The Children Website Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evaluation of Save The Children Website - Essay Example The paper describes the website "Save The Children" (www.savethechidlren.org). By analyzing the layout and functionality of the above mentioned website it can be seen as adequate in providing a pleasing interface for the viewer thereof. The landing page provides sufficient navigation options in its top level navigation menu, specifically that of the About Us, Donate, Sponsor, Gifts and so forth. Four main key areas are further highlighted within the main view or so called "above the fold", namely that of the Donate Now, Become A Sponsor, Join the Campaign, and Take Action respectively, with the balance of the landing page, and below the fold, providing both the latest news and developments as well as reporting upon the latest results and achievements of the organization and their efforts within this field. Specifically from a functional perspective the site seems adequate enough to enable the site visitor to navigate to any desired area in seeking information about the organization, the efforts within which they are active as well as areas where they, the site visitor, may become involved in. Specific to the subject of trafficking, and where children are exploited and exposed to this activity, there is no immediate reference provided within any of the main menu items on the landing page. Only upon searching, via the search functionality of the site that trafficking is returned within these search results. Therefore the issue of trafficking is not highlighted and does not seem to be prioritized within this website.

Louis Armstrong and the development of early jazz Essay

Louis Armstrong and the development of early jazz - Essay Example ific manner of performance - singing "scat", that is, the kind of jazz singing, when the melody is improvised with adding of meaningless set of words which serves as a kind of an additional tool. The novelty of the performance surprises hearing of listeners and wins their hearts. Louis Armstrong becomes not only the example of following by other jazzmen but also the favorite of the public. All this has its positive aftereffects even nowadays, after more than fifty years, as his compositions are listened by a great number of his fans, his albums and compilations of hits still face unprecedented demand. So what is the role of Armstrong for the development of early jazz and what his particular impact on it? Let’s see the characteristic features of his individual style by researching its expression in his full of talent songs. Probably the peculiarities of every person’s life, whether he or she is a representative of the scientific or creative environment, find their reflection to some extent in his or her works, and Louis Armstrong is not an exception in this respect. From early childhood and till the youth the future jazz player has an experience of street singing, participation in the camp brass orchestra, performance in clubs and restaurants, becoming a member of different bands. All this helps Armstrong to emerge as an extraordinal performer whose distinctive feature is his playing style of cleanliness and beauty of sound. The other thing which highlights Armstrong on the background of other jazz performers is his grandstanding aimed to be appreciated by everyone from the audience; and it must be said he manages to become the favorite among the black as well as the white public. This means that the ease with which he wins the white public can be explained by the fact that from Louis’s childhood he grows up and serves to white people, and that helps him to learn how to find the right approach in dealing with them so as not to be hungry, at minimum, and to

The Concept of New Media

The Concept of New Media THE CONCEPT OF NEW MEDIA New Media as a term cannot be described by a single, uniform definition. This is because the concept of New Media evolves along with the development of technology and as the modes of communication progress and become in many ways, more instant. The concept of New Media takes definite form when the comparison between the old and the new mediums of communication takes place. In the present age, the mediums of television, recorders, radio and paper books have taken a back stage and the electronic mediums of communication have emerged triumphant. Today, the most popular and most instantaneous means of communication is the Internet which is the core element distinguishing new media from other forms. The popular definition of New Media is recognized with the use of a computer for the means of distribution and exhibition, by way of the internet, rather than with production. Thus, texts distributed via a computer are considered as New Media whereas those printed on paper, without the use of the computer and the internet are not. This Lev Monovich has labeled as the ‘culture of computerization.’[1] According to Monovich, the computer encompasses all mediums/methods of communication and affects all types of media, text, still images, moving images, sound and special constructions.[2] However, Monovich himself states that limiting the advent of New Media to the device of a computer is too limiting. Monovich lays down the following principles that determine new Media[3] – Numerical Representation Monovich states that all types and forms of New Media can be described mathematically, that is in terms of the binary code and so are numerical representations. Therefore, by applying appropriate algorithms, New Media can be manipulated. A cinematograph film for example is a sequence of images/frames, each of which has its own numerical representation.[4] Modularity This is also known as the ‘fractal structure of New Media’. Media elements consist of pixels, bites, characters, scripts, voxels etc, each of which combine to create the larger image, that is, what we see. However, each one retains its independent identity separate from the whole. Going back to the example of the cinematograph film, each frame would be independently created and would thereafter be combined together to create the whole cinematograph work. However, a single frame can thereafter be removed, altered or deleted without having an effect on the whole ‘work’. Automation The above two principles, that is Numerical representation and Modularity allow the work to be automated in many operations. For example, in cinematograph films software is programmed to automatically produce artificial life such as crowds of people as required in the film. Another more common example is when a computer automatically generates web pages when the user reaches the site. Variability An object of New Media is parallel to the idea of liquid. New media is not fixed in one definite format but can exist in a myriad of versions. New Media frequently changes as it is stored digitally with a numerical code. Thus, variability is a consequence of principle 1 – numerical representation and principle 2 – modularity. In order to get clarity, one can compare old media with new media. Old Media is created by a human creator who manually assembles the test, the images, and the video and audio elements in one particular format which then becomes fixed for perpetuity. Copies of the work can be made, but only identical copies can be made. In contrast, New Media, which constitutes numerous codes, changes each time it is generated. This is because, after it is created by the human creator, New Media then begins to be generated automatically which is what results in different versions. As New Media is stored digitally, in contrast to a fixed medium, each element retains its separate identity which can then be assembled into numerous sequences under the program’s control. Variability of New Media is created due to the following factors [5]– Media elements are stored on a media database Each time Media is created, different elements are used along with different numerical coding New Media can be displayed using a number of different interfaces The information about the user can be used by a computer program to automatically generate and customize the media composition New Media is through branching/menu based interactivity thus allowing the user to choose. This is when a user enters a programme; the user is given a number of options to choose from. The branch next advanced to in the program would depend upon the choice made by the user which for each user would not necessarily be the same. New Media contains objects that are periodically updated. Transcoding The fifth principle is the most significant, the cultural transcoding of media. This means that all data is turned into computerized data. While on the one hand computerized media still displays structural organization which is comprehensive to the users such as images, texts etc. on the other hand media follows the conventional structure of a computer’s organization of data. Therefore, New Media can be seen as two distinct layers, the ‘culture layer’ and the ‘computer layer’. The layer that can be viewed as a representation is the culture layer and the operating functions are the computer layer. Lev Manovich, in his introduction toThe New Media Reader, defined New Media by using eight propositions: Today, the increasingly rapid change in technological development is leading to rapidly changing forms of new media thus leading to new and unexpected methods of distributing and exhibiting copyrighted work. Methods of distribution or exhibition are constantly evolving and are modernizing hence giving old content new form and value. For example, the exhibition of performing arts has evolved from theater to pictures, television, videocassettes, LDs, DVDS, streamed videos and then to cell phone formats and tablet formats. A similar scenario has been witnessed in the music industry where the method of storing the data recorded has changed. Copyright Law, including the Copyright Act, 1957 grants authors an exclusive right over their creations.[6] Copyright in a work lasts for long durations. Section 22 of the Act states that â€Å"Copyright shall subsist in any literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work published within the lifetime of the author until sixty years from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the author dies.† During this time, the value of the work and the circumstances surrounding its distribution would be liable to change considerably. To get a full understanding of the concept imagine that a newspaper publisher wants to release a compilation of articles on a CD-ROM and simultaneously wants to create an online database. There would be a possibility that a number of the authors would not be alive to give their consent to such distribution of their work. Finding the right holders to all articles to get them to agree to re-release the works would be prohibitively diff icult. Copyright laws across the globe have not enunciated on the copyright protection of ever-changing New Media. Thus, New Media will prove to be a highly contentious issue due to the gaping loophole in the law. As India has not expressly dealt with the issue of New Media as a challenge to copyright law this chapter will look at legislative reasoning in other countries before drawing a conclusion as to what India’s legislative development shall be in this respect. The legal landscape with respect to new use rights is bifurcated into two. While USA and the UK recognize new use rights and generally allow the free transfer of rights to unknown uses of copyrighted works, copyright grants are restricted in Germany, Spain, Belgium. CHAPTER___ COPYRIGHT PROTECTION OF TWEETS AND FACEBOOK POSTS Twitter along with Facebook epitomizes the term ‘social networking sites’ which allows a user to create a profile and regularly interact with other users. While Facebook allows posts and images to be uploaded on a user’s profile, Twitter is a real time application that allows public contact amongst the users. Thus, in the Internet age, Twitter and Facebook are the most commonly used social networking sites. Copyright issues with respect to one site will apply equally to the other site. Therefore, for discussion sake, the example of Twitter is chosen. ‘Tweets’, the posts by users on the site, are relatively simple as a mechanism. They are short in length as they cannot exceed 140 characters and on a general basis answer only one question.[7] Users on Twitter share stories, facts, information, breaking news, updates on world events, entertainment, sports etc. Twitter users can follow other users or vice versa and updated tweets would appear as and when they are posted.[8] Twitter, via its terms of service, declares that the user retains his/her rights to any content posted[9], therefore Twitter states that the user is entitled to the Intellectual Property Rights that get vested with the user as a result of any post. Alternatively, by signing up as a user on the Twitter website and making the content available to the public by posting tweets, the user grants a license to Twitter. The license includes Twitter’s right to make the content available to other organizations, companies etc.[10] Whether tweets on Twitter are copyrightable has, till date, not been a contentious issue in India. However, in the United States the copyrightability of tweets has been under debate. Therefore, to be able to culminate in a satisfactory answer, we first need to see whether a Tweet/post satisfies the requirements of the Federal Copyright Act. I will simultaneously transpose a similar argument in the Indian context. As per Section 102(a) of the Act, original works of authorship that are fixed in a tangible medium of expression, whether now known or later developed, are protected. Therefore, the pre-requisites for copyright protection under the Federal Act and the Indian Copyright Act, 1957 are – Originality The term ‘original’ has not been defined either under the Federal Act or under the Act of 1957. However, Section 13(1)(a) of the 1957 Act states that copyright shall subsist in ‘original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works;’ which is indicative that copyright shall only extend to works that are the fruits of a person’s labour and skill. In the United States, it was observed in Alfred Bell Co. v. Catalda Fine Arts[11] that the term â€Å"’Original in reference to a copyrighted work means that the particular work ‘owes its origin’ to the author†. Further, in the landmark judgment of Feist Publications Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co.[12] it was observed that originality work that is directly attributable to the skill and labour of the author and that the work in question is independently created and is not a mere copy.[13] In order to be protected under the Copyright Act, 1957, a work must satisfy the criteria of ‘work’ as defined in Section 2(y) of the Act. In University of London Press v. University Tutorial Press[14] J. Peterson held that the word original does not imply that the work must be the expression of original or inventive thought. Originality as interpreted with respect to copyright protection relates to the expression of thought.[15] For a work to be considered original under the Copyright Act, it is sufficient if the contribution is minimal or poor. Work of Authorship The second pre-requisite for copyright protection to apply to any work is that the work must be a ‘work of authorship’. (continue) Fixation in a tangible medium The third element that is required for copyright protection is that a work is deemed created when it is first fixed, that is given a tangible form. This is parallel to the concept that an idea is not copyrightable but the expression of that idea is entitled to copyright protection.[16] Thus, if the idea is not made into a tangible medium, i.e. expressed, it cannot be protected by way of copyright. For example, in the field of literary work, the idea of the novel would not be copyrightable, but when the idea is expressed on paper in the particular manner of the author; fixation of the work would take place. For copyright protection, the medium, form and method of fixation of the work is not substantially consequential. Tweets create a challenge to the Copyright law and its application. However, the fact that Twitter’s Terms of Service include a Copyright Policy is indicative of the fact that the content on Twitter, including tweets, is copyrightable.[17] However, for a particular tweet to be entitled to copyright protection a tweet needs to satisfy the 3 basic requirements given above, a tweet must be an original work, it must be the work of the author and it must be in a fixed, tangible form. Whether a Tweet is entitled to Copyright Protection? To establish whether a tweet is entitled to Copyright Protection the following points are established – A tweet is an original work as the work is independently created. The users of Twitter post a tweet that is the result of their skill and labour. The Tweet meets the originality threshold stated in Alfred Bell Co.[18]however there is no specific reference to determine whether all Tweets are original. However, is it safe to say that some Tweets are original. As a corollary, it is seen that a tweet is a creative work. In Fiest it was held that the work must contain a modicum of creativity, â€Å"No matter how crude, humble or obvious ‘it might be.†[19]However, Phrases and words that have common, widespread usage cannot be copyrighted. A tweet is a literary work as stated under the Acts. As the term literary in the Federal Act connotes neither literary merit nor qualitative value, the term literary can have an expansive interpretation. Applying this standard, all tweets qualify as literary work. Further, to constitute a work of authorship, the work should be based on intellectual labour for which the content of the tweet must be examined. Generic, common phrases and questions cannot be works of authorship as they require no intellect in their expression. However, a poem, an expression, a joke is tweeted would be works of authorship because the work would be the result of intellectual labour as well as a literary work. A tweet is fixed in a tangible medium i.e., Twitter. Tweets cannot be viewed without the aid of a computer or any other device that can be connected to the internet.[20] Nevertheless, Twitter users face many challenges in meeting the three pre-requisites for copyright protection. This is due to the following reasons[21] – Size Tweets are very short in length, with a limit of 140 characters. Therefore, the word limit makes it impossible for the work to reach the level of creativity which is required for copyright protection. Content – It is well established that facts are not copyrightable. Tweets are mainly regarding notifications, events, gossip, and comments on political situations etc. Copyright law does not extend protection to facts and so tweets, despite their varying expressions, cannot be copyrighted. Scenes a faire – Tweets describe events, affairs, circumstances, scenes which cannot be expressed in more than a limited number of ways. For example, a tweet regarding the sunset will describe the sun as brilliant, or sunny, or bright. When an idea can be expressed in only a limited number of ways, such expression cannot be copyrighted as providing copyright protection to such an expression would be providing copyright protection to the idea itself.[22] Copyright in Quotes and Short Phrases Protection by way of Intellectual property rights over the most minimal of creative work has been regularly debated. Copyright protection of brand names, slogans, advertising mantras etc. have become a contentious issue. Courts are forever embroiled in the task of breaking down the exact meaning of the definitions provided in the statute. To get a better understanding of the boundaries of protection by the Act of 1957 some of the definitions provided are required to be repeated. Section 13 of the 1957 Act lays down that copyright protection is accorded on literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works, cinematograph films and sound recordings. Rights as provided in the statute can be exercised only by the owner of the copyright.[23] Quotes and short phrases are of two types. One type is cutting a small part from a longer sentence, example a book whereas the other type is when the quote stands on its own in entirety. Tweets would be form of the second type of quote/short phrases. Copyright protection to short phrases and quotes has been refused in a number of cases by the Indian courts. To claim a copyright infringement, the de minimis standard must be satisfied. Courts have refused to grant protection to slogans in advertisements, newspaper headlines for there is no copyright in a mere collection of words that is not a compilation. In this matter the law of trademark infringement and passing off has proved to be more useful. The underlying reason is that although such short phrases may be considered ‘works’ but they are unable to satisfy the requirement of originality. Leading case laws by the English and Indian courts have expounded upon this matter. [1] Lex Monovich, â€Å"Language of New Media† MIT Press, 2001. Pg.43 [2] Id. [3] Id. Pg. 49 [4] Id. Pg. 50 [5] Id. Pg. 57 [6] Section 14 of the Copyright Act, 1957: â€Å". . â€Å"copyright† means the exclusive right subject to the provisions of this Act. .† [7] Rebecca Haas, Twitter: New Challenges to Copyright Law in the Internet Age, 10 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L.231 (2010) , pg. 236 [8] Id [9] You retain your rights to any Content you submit, post or display on or through the Services. By submitting, posting or displaying Content on or through the Services, you grant us a worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free license (with the right to sublicense) to use, copy, reproduce, process, adapt, modify, publish, transmit, display and distribute such Content in any and all media or distribution methods (now known or later developed) https://twitter.com/tos (Twitter Terms of Service) – Last Accessed – 8/04/2014 [10] Supra n. 3, pg. 237 (Rebecca Haas) [11] 191 F.2d 99, 103 (2nd Cir. 1951) [12] 499 U.S 340, 351-52 (1991) [13] Rebecca Haas, pg. 238 [14] 1916] 2 Ch 601. The case involved the copying of mathematic questions, which were held to be original for the purposes of copyright law [15] Tissya Mandal. â€Å"Copyright in quotes† available at – http://ssrn.com.abstract=1818985 [16] Id. [17] Supra n. 5 Twitter Copyright Policy states: Twitter respects the intellectual property rights of others and expects users of the Services to do the same. We will respond to notices of alleged copyright infringement that comply with applicable law and are properly provided to us. If you believe that your Content has been copied in a way that constitutes copyright infringement, please provide us with the following information: (i) a physical or electronic signature of the copyright owner or a person authorized to act on their behalf; (ii) identification of the copyrighted work claimed to have been infringed; (iii) identification of the material that is claimed to be infringing or to be the subject of infringing activity and that is to be removed or access to which is to be disabled, and information reasonably sufficient to permit us to locate the material; (iv) your contact information, including your address, telephone number, and an email address; (v) a statement by you that you have a good faith belief that use of the materia l in the manner complained of is not authorized by the copyright owner, its agent, or the law; and (vi) a statement that the information in the notification is accurate, and, under penalty of perjury, that you are authorized to act on behalf of the copyright owner. – Last Accessed – 8/04/2014 [18] Supra n. (Alfred Bell) [19] Supra n.  ­__ at 345 [20] Rebecca Haas, Pg. 245 [21] Consuelo Reinberg. â€Å"Are Tweets Copyright- Protected?† WIPO Magazine, July 2009 [22] The concept of idea-expression being expressed in a limited number of ways is called the â€Å"Doctrine of Merger†, which will be discussed subsequently. [23] Section 14 of the Act lays down the rights that are exclusively granted to the owner of the copyright. Section 57 of the Act further defines two forms of ‘moral rights’ that are conferred on the author, right of paternity and integrity. The right of paternity is a right provided to the author which is the right to prevent others from claiming authorship of his work. Right of integrity enables the author to prevent mutilation or distortion of his work or any other act which would be prejudicial to his reputation and honor.